Lab report (Blood Glucose Reg) PDF

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LABORATORY REPORT Activity:

Blood Glucose Regulation

Name:

Natalia Weitzel

Instructor:

Professor Gembitsky

Date:

06.26.2020

Predictions 1. Plasma glucose levels will be highest 1-3 hours after the meal 2. Plasma ketone levels will be highest before the meal (fasting) 3. Plasma insulin levels will be highest immediately after the meal (0 hr) 4. Plasma glucagon levels will be highest 1-3 hours after the meal

Materials and Methods 1. Dependent Variable plasma levels of glucose, ketones, insulin, and glucagon 2. Independent Variable food and beverage intake 3. Controlled Variables physical activity, caffeine and alcohol intake, gender, age, BMI 4. Why were physical activity and caffeine and alcohol intake the controlled variables? Because you can control the amount of time you spend doing physical activities and the intake of caffeine and alcohol that is being consumed. 5. What type of assay was used to measure plasma glucose and ketone levels? enzymatic analysis (glucose, oxidase, peroxide, dianisidine 6. What type of assay was used to measure plasma insulin and glucagon levels? Radio immuno assay (glucose, oxidase, peroxide, dianisidine)

Results Table 2: Glucose and Ketone Concentration in Blood Plasma Fasting Immediately post meal I hr post meal 2 hr post meal 3 hr post meal

Sub. 1 5.4 6.5 6.2 5.5 4.7

Glucose (mmol/l) Sub. 2 Sub. 3 5.3 5.2 6.3 6.4 6.3 5.5 4.6

6.4 5.5 4.7

average 5.3 6.4

Sub. 1 99 96

6.3 5.5 4.7

67 76 58

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Ketones (µmol/l) Sub. 2 Sub. 3 121 119 98 88 51 66 71

53 53 63

average 113 94 57 65 64

Glucose Concentration in Blood Plasma

Ketone Concentration in Blood Plasma

1. When was plasma glucose concentration highest? If values are similar for several time points (within a few points of each other), then give range of times when plasma glucose concentration was highest. Immediately after meal and 1 hour after the meal 2. When was plasma glucose concentration lowest? If values are similar for several time points, then give range of times when plasma glucose concentration was lowest. 3 hours after the meal 3. When was plasma ketone concentration highest? If values are similar for several time points, then give range of times when plasma ketone concentration was highest. during fasting 4. When was plasma ketone concentration lowest? If values are similar for several time points, then give range of times when plasma ketone concentration was lowest. 3 hours after the meal

Table 3: Insulin and Glucagon Concentration in Blood Plasma Insulin (pmol/l)

Fasting Immediately post meal I hr post meal 2 hr post meal 3 hr post meal

Glucagon (pmol/l)

Insulin / Glucagon Ratio

Sub. 1 59 93

Sub. 2 51 92

Sub. 3 64 86

average 58 90

Sub. 1 33 36

Sub. 2 36 34

Sub. 3 35 35

average 35 35

1.7 2.6

164 129

177 132

184 143

175 135

29 35

30 36

29 35

29 35

6 3.9

59

56

68

61

36

36

37

36

1.7

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Insulin and Glucagon Concentration in Blood Plasma

Insulin to Glucagon Concentration Ratio

1. When was plasma insulin concentration highest? If values are similar for several time points, then give range of times when plasma insulin concentration was highest. 1 hour after the meal 2. When was plasma insulin concentration lowest? If values are similar for several time points, then give range of times when plasma insulin concentration was lowest. during fasting 3. When was plasma glucagon concentration highest? If values are similar for several time points, then give range of times when plasma glucagon concentration was highest. Immediately after the meal 4. When was plasma glucagon concentration lowest? If values are similar for several time points, then give range of times when plasma glucagon concentration was lowest. 1 hour after the meal 5. When was plasma insulin/glucagon concentration highest? If values are similar for several time points, then give range of times when plasma insulin/glucagon concentration was highest. 1 hour after the meal 6. When was plasma insulin/glucagon concentration lowest? If values are similar for several time points, then give range of times when plasma insulin/glucagon concentration was lowest. During fasting and 3 hours after the meal

Discussion 1. Explain how insulin changed plasma glucose concentration over the course of the experiment. The insulin decreased plasma glucose 2. Explain how glucagon changed plasma glucose concentration over the course of the experiment. The glucagon kept plasma glucose constant 3. Explain what caused the change in plasma ketone concentration over the course of the experiment. Laboratory Report/ Natalia Weitzel/ Blood Glucose Regulation/ Professor Gembitsky/ 06.26.2020/ Page [3] of [4]

Fasting increased the use of fats as energy thereby creating ketone bodies. 4. Explain how negative feedback caused the changes in plasma insulin concentration observed during the experiment. As insulin rises glucose falls, the decreased plasma glucose inhibits insulin release. 5. Explain how negative feedback caused the changes in plasma glucagon concentration observed during the experiment. As glucose increased glucagon decreased 6. The insulin/glucagon ratio changed over the course of the experiment indicating changes in glucose storage and changes in ability to increase blood glucose concentration via glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. State when glucose storage capability was highest and why. Glucose storage capability was highest 1 hour post meal because both glucose and insulin were elevated 7. State when glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis were highest and why. Both are highest during fasting to maintain blood glucose using glycogen stores 8. Explain how a high blood ketone level helps the body conserve blood glucose. A high blood ketone level helps the body conserve blood glucose because fats are being burned as energy 9. Restate your predictions that were correct and give the data from your experiment that supports them. Restate your predictions that were not correct and correct them, giving the data from your experiment that supports the correction. I predicted that the blood ketone levels would be lower than they actually were. From my research, I now understand that I was wrong because of the fact that a high blood ketone level is caused by fats being burned as energy.

Application 1. During exercise, epinephrine and norepinephrine are released from the adrenal medulla. Epinephrine and norepinephrine have the same effect on plasma glucose levels as glucagon. Explain how epinephrine and norepinephrine affect plasma glucose and why this is important during exercise. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are the two hormones secreted frin adrenal medulla and they affect plasma glucose by inducing the secretion of glucagon. Glucagon breaks down the glycogen as glucose. During exericises, epinephrine and norepinephrine supply glucose adequately by secreting glucagon. 2. The symptoms of diabetes mellitus include high plasma glucose levels and ketoacidosis (blood pH decreases due to increasing levels of ketones). Explain how diabetes causes these symptoms. High blood glucose levels occur in individuals with diabetes due to issues with insulin. Insulin is required for cells to take in glucose. When cells are unable to take in glucose, it causes a build up of glucose in the blood. This means that the body is unable to use glucose as an energy source. Therefore, the body has to resort to another source of energy in order to sustain its vital functions.

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