Labeling Theory PDF

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Labeling Theory Howard Becker Labeling Theory maintains that deviant behavior is defined by group norms and that individuals commit crime as a reaction to labels that have been assigned to them. It does not address the onset of criminality but explains that deviance is relative to values of dominant society and continues. Deviance is focused on social reactions to individual activities. Once deviance becomes known in the community, the perpetrator is labeled deviant. That behavior then continues through the process of a self-fulfilling prophesy. These steps include: 1. Once labeled as deviant, the individual is excluded from participation in pro-social activities/groups. 2. Relationships with family and friends become strained and they are forced into illegitimate social situations/employment. 3. There is a greater probability that these ostracized individuals will be forced to associate with other outsiders. 4. Deviant label draws negative attention and suspicion. 5. A deviant self-image develops and forces the person to view themselves as deviant; identification with a deviant group emerges. This theory assumes that: No human acts are deviant in themselves. Acts become deviant when groups define them that way. Whether a person’s acts are considered deviant depends on how others respond. Labeling a person as deviant has negative consequences because it results in secondary deviance A person who becomes deviant typically is rejected by “law-abiding” citizens. In summary, this approach is based on an individual being labeled as deviant and subjected to rejection from pro-social events, activities and institution in society.

Sources Glick, L. and Miller, J.M. (2008). Criminology (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc. Conklin, J. (2004). Criminology (8th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc. Akers, R. and Sellers, C. (2009). Criminological Theories: Introduction, Evaluation and Application. (5th ed.). NY: Oxford University Press....