Laboratory Techniques and their Application PDF

Preview

Summary

scientific data storing...

Description

P7

Scientific information data storing Scientific data in the laboratory processing involves much computation (arithmetic and comparison operations) upon a relatively small amount of input data resulting in a small volume of output. Inaccurately collected and stored data can be lost before an analysis, for example, if an ‘experimental’ analysis is not accurately collected, listed inappropriately, prevent work from being verified and sometimes can delay the major research and processes in the laboratory. Recording in large data sets, for example, LIMS (Laboratory Information Management System) which is a software designed to track, record and process a large amount of scientific data can help lab technicians track errors or improve an experiment. LIMS (Laboratory Information Management System) LIMS is the most common and primary system in pharmaceutical departments, it can be used to track samples amidst various processes around lab departments, it also helps all the scientific data more obtainable that can allow transfer of the data and results to other systems in the laboratory. LIMS tracks information about who has processed which samples where, when and how and what happened during the experimental process. It makes scientific data collection quick and easier. LIMS software  Allows easy sample registration of all entity types  Tracks all the materials catalogue  Tracks workflows in a step-by-step process Data storage and collection software There are many types of software designed for scientific data storage and data collection. Some are where the data is entered while others are highly automated and can export & convert data to other programs and also to other pharmaceutical departments. Lab technicians can export the data stored in the development department in various formats; graphs result and analyse them.

Written records Handwritten scientific records should be well organized so that They can be read properly, the pages should be numbered, the experimental data entries should be dated & written and recorded chronologically.

COSHH RECORDS [Controls of Substance Hazardous to Health] COSHH records contain research and development data about the health and safety of hazardous substances in the laboratory. Lab technicians who order and stores the substances can access to change the records.

Informatic & scientific databases Informatics in the laboratory is the specialised scientific application of information technology to allow scientific processes of laboratory information. It can help to ensure high quality and safety data and results. 

DNA sequencing: the DNA base sequence carries the information a cell needs to assemble protein and RNA molecules. Its information is important for scientists to investigate the function of genes (computation).



Healthcare records: it allows healthcare to provide us to prescribe treatments and make clinical decisions with greater accuracy, healthcare analysts used big data to inform health prevention, It can help improve the patient experience and lower healthcare costs (books and computations).



Data relating to population surveys: Scientific Data is collected to inform policy and develop public health involvements of the laboratory. (Books and computations).



Fingerprints: fingerprints information used to positively identify individuals. Each person’s fingerprints are scanned and analysed and then stored in a coded form on a secure database. (Notes and computations).

P8 Notebooks (manual entries) 



Benefits: manual data collection is an easy and well-accepted way that is co-operative with quality systems. It is the simplest method for logging scientific data. The expenses for this are relatively low. It can also establish quality systems to accept laboratory forms as official records. Issues: manual data collection is unsafe to human errors and has the risk of poor data security, it can also result in an incomplete data structure. And is not a great option for large, complex data sets. Paper-based records can be misplaced or permanently lost.

Equipment generated records 



Benefits: electronic files can be kept on USB memory sticks. It is an easy and validated method that is adaptable to quality systems and reduces the risk of human error. If offers righteous data as the records are exported from the equipment itself Issues: this also carries the risk of poor data security. Although it does detect one issue from the manual entry, many other difficulties remain the same. As also USB memory sticks can be lost or misplaced. Plus, when with large protocols, the lab technicians may forget to print or export data, resulting in the loss of the data

Manual entry (electronic laboratory notebook) 



Benefits: it can uphold and maintain data security, reducing the risk of losing data. It can be an appropriate use for complex data sets and is cooperative with quality systems. This can avoid the issue of losing data by inputting it into an ELN system, as it allows data access to be given to selected individuals. It is also able to set up remote data access with a web-based connection. Issues: it is less worthwhile and that the risk of human error in data entry is still obvious. The main disadvantage of ELN is that they are more expensive than the earlier methods and sometimes includes monthly subscription charges.

M6 z

Communication Meetings – committee or face to face meetings can help in conveying new and existing workplace issues. It allows open discussions among the staff (technicians) to clarify every issue. Emails – emails provide a fast end easier way to contact an individual or group. An email can also provide written information to the members. Induction – induction is a formal way of introducing a new employee or visitor into the workplace organisation. This will help them understand their role and the policies of the organisation and possible hazards that can occur. Leaflets – leaflets are information for discussing communication in the workplace. Leaflets can be easily issued on paper email or a website. Newsletter – a newsletter conveys about the activities, issues, written reports and any future events within the workplace. Notice boards – notice boards include safety awareness and posters and contact details of emergency services and first aiders. It also includes details of team events which are good for morale. Poster display – a poster that shows the health and safety or changes in the best practice that has a great effect and a better impact on the viewer getting information. Presentation – presentation is very informative and visually better, which can make the viewer encouraged to get the information across using words, graphics and audience participation. Video – videos can be very informational and instructive keeping the viewer motivated using real-time footage of past events from which to learn. Verbal – very clear verbal communication is a necessary part of health and safety at work. Ineffective communication can result in harm to an individual or those around.

Communication within development departments in a pharmaceutical company These can be communicated through magazines, emails and leaflets. signs around the laboratory are important as they give out key information in case of emergencies and general information. Signs are always clear and noticeable which promotes health and safety. This helps to find what exactly we need. Verbal communication is the most important type of communication as it allows information to be given to other members. Verbal communication is understood more clearly, and data can be given for clarification if not understood at first instance and, it is the fastest type of communication. Communication between departments and their users Effective communication includes matching the method to the occasion, laboratory specialist uses methods such as interpersonal, electronic, written and oral communication. As most suffer from communication overload, the minor can often doubt the importance, so using effective communication can be useful as it involves, correct information to, correct recipient in, correct time frame and incorrect format. Person to person communication in the laboratory can be done in various methods such as verbal communication, face to face or online. The urgency will decide the best method Customer and ensure traceability at scientific data storing Scientific data storing is easy to access and traceable by a customer. This scientific data is controlled by the main server or system, and the customers have different login methods to access and add new informatics data. The main accessor for the community will organise and check how they are reliable, after that he’ll add them to the main data server for the present, future customers. With a wider scientific community Publishing journals is the main way to communicate to the wider scientific community. Journals are filed and can be read by many in the future. The publication gives the most long-lasting and widespread audience. Presenting at conferences is the most common way for the laboratory to communicate scientific information. Conferences can range from many attendees which leads to purposes of sharing information and teamwork. Popular media This can help to inform about research data to the public. Media outlets are read by more people than reviewed journals and provide a wider audience. Scientific information is also now published on work blogsites.

D4

Challenges to Scientific data collection Communication has never been easier in laboratory medicine. Modern communications are Global, Instant, inexpensive, readily shared, multimedia. 

Lack of proper understanding of big data Organisations fail in big data initiatives due to insufficient understanding. Technicians may not know what data is, its storage and its importance. Data professionals may know what is going on but others may not have a clear picture. This can result in not retrieving data easily.



Data growth issues It is a big challenge to store all big data sets of scientific information properly. The amount of data being stored increases very quickly, it gets extremely difficult to handle. Most of the data is unstructured and comes from documents, text files and other sources that it can’t be found in databases.



Validating data Laboratory often gets similar data from different systems, and the data in those systems don’t always cooperate. For example, one department has one address for a patient, while the other has a different address on record.



Securing big data Security is a big concern for organisations with large data stores. Some big data information can be targeted by hackers. However, most think that they are existing data security methods are enough for the large data needs. Organisations stores and analyse their data sets and they push data security for later stages, this can lead unprotected data repositories to become a helping hand for hackers....