Land Survey Report PDF

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING SURVEYING

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (Hons) CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

BCT 423 - LAND SURVEYING ASSIGNMENT

PREPARED BY: NUR ARINA BINTI AZMAN 2018297754

PREPARED FOR: MADAM FADHILAH BINTI MD ISA GROUP: AP256

SUBMISSION DATE: 26TH NOVEMBER 2018

CONTENTS NO 1 2

TITLE 1.0

Introduction

2.0

Structure Of The Instrument

PAGES 3

2.1 Total Station 2.2 Auto Level

4-7

2.3 GPS Receiver 2.4 Electronic Digital Level 3 4

3.0

Benefit Of The Instrument On Field

4.0

Advantages and Disadvantages of The

8 9-10

Instrument 5

5.0

11

References

2

1.0

INTRODUCTION

Surveying is the profession of determining the relative position or dimensions and contour the features of the Earth’s surface. The development of survey equipment and instruments goes far back in history, the pyramids in Egypt and Stonehenge in England are believed to have been created with the assistance of an ancient surveyor.

Early principles of measurement and surveying tools continue to be important in today’s practices. New technologies have improved the performance of older surveying instruments. New tools and methods like 3D scanning, GPS, and GIS Software have enhanced the efficiency and effectiveness of land surveying today.

Now days, there was a rapid development of new types of instruments. At the beginning of this century, surveying instruments already had a high degree of precision, but they were, compared to today’s instruments, large in form and heavy. They were very inconvenient, especially when the instrument and its accessories had to be transported on the surveyor’s. Besides, surveying instrument was aimed to make the instruments more stable with respect to adjustment and to have the sensitive parts of the instruments better protected against dust and humidity.

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2.0

STRUCTURE OF THE INSTRUMENT

2.1

Total Station

Total station defined as the electronic survey equipment used to measure slope distance, horizontal angle and vertical angle from a setup point to foresight point. The total station is a development of the theodolite with an electronic distance measurement device (EDM).

The coded scales of the horizontal and vertical circles are scanned electronically and displayed digitally. The horizontal distance, the height difference and the coordinates are calculated automatically and all measurements and additional information can be recorded. This information is also stored in the electronic notebook which can be transferred into computer for further processing.

Figure 2..1 : Total Station with label Source : https://m.made-in-china.com/product/HiTarget-Geodetic-Survey-Total-Station-with-2-Accuracy-in-LandSurvey-Instrument-700769102.html

4

2.1

Auto Level

Automatic levels also have become a much more common optical instrument on construction sites. A level is an optical instrument used to establish points in the same horizontal plane in a process known as leveling, to establish the relative heights levels of objects. These levels are replacing alternatives, such as builder's levels, because they are easier to use and quicker to set up.

Figure 2.2. : Automatic Level with label Source : http://sunsurveycambodia.com/products-categories/47385-auto-level/products/98305-at-g-series-topcon

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2.3

GPS Receiver (Hi Target)

The most advanced and useful technologies for surveyors. Using satellite guidance, it allows surveying companies to find points on land. GPS technology helps surveyors establish property lines and boundaries. Compared to conventional surveying methods, GPS land surveying produces accurate results with little effort, and also provides greater flexibility and improved efficiency than older surveying tools.

Upper Head

Control Panel

Tripod Figure 2.3 : Global Positioning System Instrument Source : http://gyaninformationpedia.blogspot.com/2015/11/surveying-using-gps-fundamentals-of.html

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2.4

Electronic Digital Level

Digital levels use electronic image processing to evaluate the special bar-coded staff reading, This bar-coded pattern is converted into elevation and distance values using a digital image matching procedure within the instrument.

Levelling Head Telescope

Special bar-coded staff

Tripod

Figure 2.4 : Electronic Digital Level Source : http://bsi-kh.com/product/geomax-digital-level-zdl700/

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3.0

BENEFITS OF THE INSTRUMENT ON FIELD

No

INSTRUMENT

BENEFIT

. 1

 Quick setting of tripod using laser plummet.

TOTAL STATION

 Enable field work to be carried out rapidly with quick

calculations of coordinates that displayed on the screen.  Their precision and accuracy is high.  Very easy to use in field work due to the simple compact and

2 AUTOMATIC LEVEL

stable structure.  Most suitable for small scale map  Fewer adjustment to be made.

3 GPS RECEIVER

 Highly accurate and field work can be carried out in any

weather condition.  Easy monitoring of survey.  It provides greater flexibility and data can be directly imported.

4 ELECTRONIC DIGITAL LEVEL

 User friendly menus with easy to read, digital display of results.  We can operate in low light conditions.  Automatic data storage eliminates booking and its associated

errors.  Minimize human error: Fatigue-free observation as visual staff

reading by the observer is not required.

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4.0

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE INSTRUMENT

No

INSTRUMEN

.

T

1

ADVANTAGES 

TOTAL STATION

Errors involved in reading and

DISADVANTAGES 

The battery life is short.

recording can be eliminated.

Conducting surveys



Can be used indoors and outdoor.



Multiple surveys also can be

need a skilled

performed at one set-up location.

person.





Difficult for the surveyor to look over and check the work while surveying.

2

Figure 4.1 :Survey Stake Out Point Source: https://www.allenprecision.com/page/how-tostake-out-points-and-profile-boards-with-a-total-station/





It’s accuracy of measurement is high.





Water proof instrument.



Data can be quickly uploaded into



CAD. Remain level and accurate no matter

The instrument is costly. Line of sight is required.



Horizontal angle can

AUTO

how much the ground vibrates,

be measured but

LEVEL

temperature changes, and how

not that accurate.

unsteady the operator handles it. 



Vertical angles

Bubble can easily be adjusted from

cannot be

any side with any 3 screws available.

measured. 

9

Line of sight is

required.

Figure 4.2 :Three adjusted screws Source:http://engineeringfeed.com/setting-total-station

3

 GPS surveying is not affected by GPS

weather conditions like snow, rain, high

RECEIVER

or low temperatures.



other receiver. 

 Little effort needed with high productivity

Special hardware and software

such as increase in accuracy as well as security data.

Higher cost than

needed. 

More frequent inspection is needed.



New skills person is needed.

Figure 4.3 :GPS Carrier-range Source: http://www.gisresources.com/gps-surveyingtechniques_2/

 Time and labor saving (surveyors no need to visits site several times) 

Positioning can be done without any interruption.

4 ELECTRONI



error.

C DIGITAL LEVEL

Can reliably determined collimation



Need to use battery.



The instrument is costly.

The measurements made are automatically free of the influence of the earth’s curvature.





Fast surveys resulting in saving in 10

time. 

Data on the storage of the level can be downloaded to a computer enabling quick data reduction for various purposes.

5.0

REFERENCES

Mishra, G. (2017, December 03). Total Station in Surveying - Operation, Uses and Advantages. Retrieved from https://theconstructor.org/surveying/total-station-operation-usesadvantage/6605/

Automatic Levels: All About Automatic Laser Levels. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.johnsonlevel.com/News/AutomaticLevelsAllAboutAu

What Are the Disadvantages of Using a GPS in Surveying? (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.techwalla.com/articles/what-are-the-disadvantages-of-using-a-gps-insurveying

Yurtoğlu, N. (2018). Using an Abney Level to Measure Relative Heights. History Studies International Journal of History, 10(7), 241-264. doi:10.9737/hist.2018.658

Crumal, Z. (n.d.). What is a Robotic Total Station? Here's Everything You Need to Know. Retrieved from https://connect.bim360.autodesk.com/what-is-a-robotic-total-station

Digital Level Surveying. (2018, September 10). Retrieved from https://wecivilengineers.blog/2018/09/02/features-advantages-of-digital-level-surveying/

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