Lanugage of MED Chapter 13 PDF

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Language of Medicine

Chapter 13: Blood System Introduction o o

Blood o Transports foods, gases, and wastes to and from the cells of the body Other transported items o Cellular components  Red blood cells  White blood cells  Platelets o Proteins, hormones, etc

Composition of Blood o

Serum protein electrophoresis

Cell Types and Function o

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Erythrocytes o Red blood cells transport oxygen  Hemoglobin  Erythropoiesis and erythropoietin  Hemolysis  Bilirubin Immunohematology o Blood bank Red cell types (antigens)

Blood Group Type A B AB O o o

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Antigen on Cell Antibody in plasma Comments surface A Anti- B B Anti- A A and B None Universal recipient? None Anti A and Anti B Universal Donor Important in tissue transplants Transplantation o Transferring cells, tissues, or organs form one site to another o Types of Grafts  Xenograft  Allograft  Isograft  Autograft  Autologous transfusion Rh factor (positive and negative)

o D antigen Thrombocytes: o Platelets clot blood o Derived from megakaryocytes Leukocytes: o White blood cells protect us from infections  Phagocytosis  Granulocytes vs mononuclear cells o Neutrophils:  Phagocytic cells that accumulate at sites of infection o Monocytes:  Phagocytic cells that become macrophages and digest bacteria and tissue debris o Basophils:  Contain heparin (prevent clotting) and histamine (involved in allergic responses) o Eosinophils:  Cells involved in allergic responses and parasitic infections o Lymphocytes  Control the immune response  Stimulate antibody formation  Activate other cells

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Hematopoiesis o

Multipotential

Plasma o o

Primarily water Plasma proteins o Albumin o Prothrombin, fibrinogen and other coagulation factors o Hormones o Globulins  Immunoglobulins o Transferrin o Carcinoembryonic antigen o Alpha-fetoprotein

Blood clotting o o

Coagulation o Fibrin clot Anti-coagulants o Heparin o Warfarin

Combining forms and Terminology Combining Form - Coagul/o - Granul/o -

Hemat/o Is/o Leuk/o Mon/o Morpho/o Myel/o Poikil/o Sider/o Spher/o Thromb/o

Meaning Granules

Shape or form Bone marrow

Example Anticoagulant Granulocytic leukemia Hematocrit Anisocytosis Leukopenia Mononucleosis Polymorphonuclear Multiple myeloma Poikilocytosis Sideroblast Spherocyte thrombocytopenia

Suffixes Suffix -

Meaning Apheresis Blast Oid Phoresis Poiesis Stasis

Example Plasmapheresis Myeloblast Myeloid Electrophoresis Granulopoiesis hemostasis

Types of Anemia o

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Iron deficiency anemia o Lack of iron intake leads to low synthesis of hemoglobin in erythropoiesis  Hypochromic  Microcytic Aplastic anemia o Failure of blood cell production due to aplasia or absence of cell formation of bone marrow cells Hemolytic anemia o Reduction in red cells due to excessive destruction Pernicious anemia o Lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the body Sickle cell o A hereditary disease characterized by abnormal shape of erythrocytes and by hemolysis  Actually protect against malaria  Abnormal hemoglobin Hemochromatosis

Excess iron deposits throughout the body  Primary or  Secondary (required) Thalassemia o An inherited defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin  Hemoglobin contains alpha globin and beta globin Polycythemia vera o General increase in number of red blood cells o

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Disorder of blood clotting o

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Hemophilia o Excessing bleeding caused by a deficiency in one of the protein substances necessary for blood clotting o “A” missing Factor VIII o “B” missing Factor IX o “C” missing Factor XI Purpura o Purplish or brownish-red spots that occur on the skin or mucus membranes Petechiae o Multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin Ecchymosis o Bruise (contusion)

Leukemias o o o o

Acute myeloblastic leukemia Acute lymphoblastic leukemia Chronic myeloblastic leukemia Chronic lymphoblastic leukemia

Disease of Bone Marrow Cells o

Multiple myeloma o Malignant neoplasm of bone marrow  Plasma cells  Overproduction of immunoglobulins

Other diseases of white blood cells o o

Granulocytosis o Abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood Mononucleosis: o An infectious disease marked by increased numbers of leukocytes (reactive lymphocytes) and enlarged cervical lymph nodes, fever, and sore throat

Laboratory Blood tests o

Complete blood counts

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Coagulation o Partial thromboplastin time o Prothrombin time o Bleeding time Hemoglobin Hematocrit Inflammation o Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

Clinical procedures o

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Apheresis o Separation of blood into component parts and removal of a select part from the blood Blood transfusion o Whole blood or cells are taken from a donor and infused into a patient  Immunohematology or blood banking  RBC antigens Bone marrow biopsy o Microscopic examination of a core of bone marrow removed with a needle Hematopoietic stem cell transplant o Peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor are administered into a recipient’s vein...