Lateralization and Language (Chapter 15) Final PDF

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!!QUIZLET: Logic of split-brain research and Sign-language!! ●

Wernicke-Geshwind model of language (major brain areas): ○ Arcuate Fasciculus ○ Primary Motor Cortex ○ Broca’s Area ○ Primary Auditory Cortex ○ Primary Visual Cortex ○ Angular Gyrus ○ Wernicke’s Area

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Types of Aphasias: Wernicke’s Aphasia- Temporal ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

Can generate language but does not make sense Cannot understand what people are saying to them Left temporal cortex (posterior to auditory cortex) Fluent, but often meaningless speech Unlike Broca’s aphasics, these aphasics are still articulate (no production problems) Problems with anomia (not able to name objects), problems finding the right words Problems with comprehension, word meaning; sentences are usually grammatically correct, just don’t make any sense

Broca’s Aphasia- Frontal ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

Understands but fluency is not there Difficulty in producing language (comprehension  is largely intact – except when sentence is grammatically complicated) Broca (1865): due to damage in part of the left inferior frontal gyrus (the  frontal operculum) – close this area is to motor areas… Nowadays, any production deficit is called Broca’s aphasia Speech problems (even in deaf), in particular, grammar problem

Global Aphasia❏ Mixture of BOTH ●

Dyslexia: ○ Language impairment specific to reading ○ 15% english-speaking males, 5% females (prevalence might depend on the phonetic complexity of language) (Common in English Speaking Countries) ○ Appear to be at least two types: ■ Phonetic (auditory deficit) – trouble pronouncing word syllables

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■ Graphemic (visual deficit) – trouble with visual processing at a whole word level Alternative hypotheses: dyslexia is not dyseidetic or dysphonetic Problems with temporal order processing (timing) Problems with synthesizing visual and auditory information (not getting translated) Abnormal attentional focus

The Bilingual Brain: ○ ○

Speaking more than 1 language contributes to cognitive reserve- (recover from a language deficit more quickly, enrichment) Distribution of language areas in the brain depends on when the second/third/etc. language was acquired

Logic of Split Brain Research ● ● ●

Left Side: Written language, spoken language, Reading, writing, Number skills Right Side: Creativity, emotion, face recognition Motor Movement: right side controls left hand, left side controls right hand (contralateral)

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Right hemisphere is not involved in language à cannot tell you what it is or draw it with left hand ○ BUT, if you show it to the left hemisphere, you can draw it with right hand...