law enforcement operations and planning with crime mapping PDF

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LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS AND PLANNINGw/ CRIME MAPPINGUnit I.Patrol OperationsLearning OutcomesAt the end of this unit, the students will able to;  Explain the importance of patrol operations and management.  Describe the different systems of patrol.  Describe the different strategy of high and ...

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LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS AND PLANNING w/ CRIME MAPPING Unit I. Patrol Operations Learning Outcomes At the end of this unit, the students will able to;  Explain the importance of patrol operations and management.  Describe the different systems of patrol.  Describe the different strategy of high and low visibility patrol.  Define the purposes and functions of patrol in relation to the community  List the various requirements in police patrol What is Patrol Operations? Police operations are defined as the job duties, responsibilities, and activities that law enforcement agents complete in the field. Determination of Patrol force requirement Patrol Force Size – there is no magic number of proportion of personnel provided for police administrators as to the apportionment of manpower to do the patrol duties. However, in small agencies, it is not uncommon for 80 to 90 percent of the force is devoted to patrol. Large agencies, the proportion might be 50 percent or less. The single most needed/important factor is the number and nature of services that the patrol police is expected to provide. Factors, which influence the need for, Patrol Officers 1. Geographical status and population 2. Administrative and operational procedure 3. Training/ competence and motivation of patrol officer 4. Political situation of the locality 5. Size of the agency budget Patrol deployment Shift and Beats – first, the administrator will determine the base number of patrol officers and decide how they are to deployed, what geographical area and period each officer will conduct patrol.

Procedures of Patrol Deployment Shift and Beat This module is exclusively intended for the BS Criminology students of Southern Peninsula College of Labason, Zamboanga del Norte. No portion of this module may be copied or reproduced by any other means without prior written permission of the management. SPENC

1. 2. 3. 4.

Take the number of officers available Divide into four groups The three groups will be assigned to each three daily shift Fourth group will serve as relief shift which fills in for the other three shifts during their day off. 5. Each shifts is of eight hours long

Beat Distribution 1. The agencies total distribution will be divide into the total number of teams of each group in approximately equal in area or beats. 2. Boundaries are determined by whatever natural or artificial boundaries(major highways, thoroughfares, river, etc,) 3. Patrol beats would be divided into four, by simply quartering the town along the major North, South, East and West streets. 4. Commonly, teams or body-body system on the beat assigns patrol officers. But these patterns usually differ depending on the community behavior. Factors which influence Patrol Adjustment 1. Behavior patterns of one community to the other 2. Changes in weather condition 3. Population density 4. Socio-economic status 5. Different ethnic groups comes into contact 6. Young people have limited opportunities for productive recreation and productive employment. 7. Regular days weekend and holidays. These factors determine the difference of patrol police workloads. These variations must be considered for efficient deployment of patrol force.

Methods of Determining the Workload Patter for Patrol Force 1. Examined the historical record of police activity in the community 2. Never attempt to recreate workload patterns from haphazard record 3. Determine the crime incident that have occurred by location 4. Determine the number of officers and length of time each officer was involved

Status Analysis of the Area This module is exclusively intended for the BS Criminology students of Southern Peninsula College of Labason, Zamboanga del Norte. No portion of this module may be copied or reproduced by any other means without prior written permission of the management. SPENC

1. Geographical Distribution Analysis – can be presented in the form of a agencies of the jurisdiction with pins or shadings to show the number of recorded incidents in each . 2. Categories of Incidents/Crimes – may also be indicated by using color codes or similar devices, which may be further subdivided into felonies, misdemeanors or some other categories. 3. Non-Productive Task - shall be eliminated in the graphical distribution. 4. Incident-Distribution - may also be presented on the form of graphs. How to Determine the Average Workload of Patrol Officers in an eight-hour Shift 1. Take the total of incidents in a given time and divide by the number of officer available in the shift. 2. The quotient is then multiplied by the average time required to handle each kind of incident. 3. The result is the average service workload per officer. 4. Add the total time spent for non-productive task and time that is devoted to preventive patrolling to arrive at the total workload per officer. However, for small agencies, it may be possible to adjust patrol beats according to the geographical distribution of incidents by simply shifting the boundaries of the beats. Patrol Response Priorities 1. First Priority Incidents, those; a. Crimes in progress b. Traffic accidents with serious injuries c. Civil disturbances d. Others which are alarming and scandalous 2. Second Priority Incidents a. Felony complains b. Crime is no longer in progress c. Traffic accidents that do not involve injuries d. Assistance to another emergency services e. Misdemeanors or public disturbance 3. Third Priority Incidents a. Misdemeanors complains b. Minors traffic accidents and others incidents that disrupts traffic c. Other calls for service that are indirectly related to law enforcement 4. Fourth Priority Incidents – any other kinds of incidents or call for service would be treated as fourth priority. These systems are always adopted in large police agencies which cover a highly urbanized state/community where the crime rate is high. It may also be applied to medium and small police units wherein their community coverage is a crime – situated area. This module is exclusively intended for the BS Criminology students of Southern Peninsula College of Labason, Zamboanga del Norte. No portion of this module may be copied or reproduced by any other means without prior written permission of the management. SPENC

These priority systems are adopted in order to maximize the limited number of police officers available to respond immediately. Considering that a team of two officers cannot attend two or three simultaneous events. While there are no universal standards of acceptable response time, but are left to the prerogative of the police administration and radio dispatchers and their supervisors. But it has been generally agreed that; 1. First priority response time is preferably not more than five minutes. 2. Second priority incidents should be handled within 10 to 15 minutes. 3. Third priority events should handled not more than 20 to 30 minutes. 4. Longer response time will be disastrous to the police administration and the organization. Types of Patrol Shift  Staggered shift system 1. Night shift 2:00 pm to 10:00 pm 2. Evening shift 10:00 pm to 2:00 am 3. 4:00 pm to 12:00 midnight 4. Dayshift 10:00 am to 6:00pm 

Peak period shift – typical workload period 1. 4:00 pm to 10:00 pm week days 2. 5:00 pm to 11:00 pm Fridays and Saturdays 3. 3:00 pm to 9:00 pm Sundays



Relief shifts (three shifts) 12:00 am to 8:00 am 8:00 am to 4:00 pm 4:00 pm to 12:00 am

Days of a week Sundays Mondays Tuesdays Wednesdays Thursdays Fridays Saturdays

Relief Relief 3rd shift 3rd shift 3rd shift 3rd shift 3rd shift

1st shift 1st shift 1st shift 1st shift 1st shift 1st shift 1st shift

2nd shift 2nd shift 2nd shift 2nd shift 2nd shift 2nd shift 2nd shift

Observe that the shift system looks like a precise schedule of patrol duties. But at any case these regular shifting system may be modified or adjusted on case to case basis, wherein there are factors which directly affects the entire department, example, when; 1. There is direct order from the higher command This module is exclusively intended for the BS Criminology students of Southern Peninsula College of Labason, Zamboanga del Norte. No portion of this module may be copied or reproduced by any other means without prior written permission of the management. SPENC

2. Police officers are utilized in special occasions where there is a large magnitude of crowed to be controlled 3. In case of calamities and other relatives events. System of Patrol 1. The Traditional Patrol Patterns – this system of patrol has been so effective during the early years wherein dedication to duty of the officers is gained through their abeyance to the authority. This was then when the system of policing is concentrated on arrest and incarceration of those who go against the will of the government. The common patrol strategies being applied by the traditional patrol officers are; a. Saturation drive system, which are executed in the following 1. The clockwise pattern 2. The counter clockwise pattern 3. The zigzag or freewheeling pattern 4. The straightway and crises cross pattern 2. Modus System Patrol – on the passing of time, as communities and citizens are becoming civilized and population increased unprecedentedly, that to control human by the power of police is becoming obviously impossible. Development of new system of policing has shifted from traditional to scientific. In which crime fighting becomes an alternative when crime prevention and control failed. The following modern programs come into existence. a. Modernization Program – these includes but not limited to; 1. Education for police officers 2. Procurement of modern police equipment 3. Right definitions of police powers and limitations 4. Police professionalization as mandated by new laws 5. Integration of several law enforcement agencies into one umbrella (DILG) b. Moral Upliftment – this also includes but not limited to; 1. Salary standardization 2. Housing benefits 3. Promotions 4. Study grants of dependents of police officers (who suffers in line of duty) 5. And other social benefits

c. Skill Development – also includes but not limited to; 1. In-service trainings 2. Overseas trainings 3. Specialized trainings for special units This module is exclusively intended for the BS Criminology students of Southern Peninsula College of Labason, Zamboanga del Norte. No portion of this module may be copied or reproduced by any other means without prior written permission of the management. SPENC

4. Consistent physical fitness 5. Other related skills development d. Expansion Programs – also includes but not limited to; 1. Community service involvement 2. Police outreach to the community 3. Inter – agency coordination 4. Other police services not directly related to police matters Obviously, all these modern innovations in the police organization have direct bearing to patrol services, intended to attune patrol officers to the needs of the society. Mobile Patrolling: Concept of Operation The operations of mobile patrol shall be under a centralized command, irrespective of size of the department and the area of coverage, whereby, the assignment of the patrol cars and its crew components shall be the sole responsibility of its commander. The radio cars shall be used exclusively for patrol functions. Flexibility in their deployment shall be the primary consideration. Normally, radio cars shall be allocated to areas in accordance with;   

Volume of crime incidence Need for police service Prevalence of hazards

Its crew components shall be organized into three shifts assignment of eight hours to each tour of duty, as follows; 1. Morning shift – 7:00 am – 3:00 pm 2. Afternoon shift – 3:00 pm -11:00 pm 3. Night shift – 11:00 pm – 7:00 am Complaints or calls for service received by the police station requiring immediate police action shall be relayed to the radio cars by the dispatcher at the radio control room of the mobile patrol unit. Similarity, spot cases encountered by the mobile crew in the course of their patrol will involve the placing of suspect under arrest. It shall then be over tot the corresponding support units for booking and confinement. The support units shall prepare necessary investigation, booking and preparation of complaint for filling. The crew of the radio car who initiated the arrest will serve as witness. Two Phase to consider in Managing Mobile Patrol 1. Administrative Aspect This module is exclusively intended for the BS Criminology students of Southern Peninsula College of Labason, Zamboanga del Norte. No portion of this module may be copied or reproduced by any other means without prior written permission of the management. SPENC

a. Staff Supervisor – an inspector in charge of shift or platoon b. Disposition officer – supervising deskman c. Deskman – patrolman assigned to receive phone calls from public and reports from mobile patrol crews. d. Dispatcher – patrolman in charge of the radio control room that are dispatching mobile patrol crew to scene off assignment, transmitting and receiving, recording radio message. 2. Operational Aspect a. Field Supervisor – one who supervises mobile crew in the field for discipline and performance. b. Crew – normally two man complement of uniformed patrolman in the radio car, one acting as the driver and the other as the recorder. Specific Functions of the Mobile Patrol Components 1. Staff Supervisor (must be an inspector or sergeant) responsibilities: a. Report for duty half an hour before regular fall-in time b. Prepare daily assignments of his crew and cars c. Conduct roll call of his men and brief them of current issues and responsibilities d. Maintain close coordination’s with field supervisors e. Accept the technical turnover of tactical organic equipment from outgoing staff supervisor f. Conduct periodic inspection of the base station g. Direct and supervise his deskman h. Prepare and submit written reports i. Receive and serve subpoena and summons for service to his men j. Keep abreast wit all incidents/ cases occurring during his tour of duty k. Alert the commander and the chief of police of serious incident l. Leave office only if everything 2. Field Supervisor – duties and responsibilities a. Shall assist the staff supervisor in the formation and posting of the platoon in order to obtain proper conduct and decorum of their men as well as inspect the prescribed equipment and uniform with emphasis on neatness and cleanliness b. Shall check the patrol cars used by the crew for any unauthorized object, only official organic equipment must carried in the patrol car. c. Shall inspect the crew places of response to supervise them in the performance of their duties especially during aggressive patrol operations. d. Shall inspect the crew at their routing report of patrol allocation and/ or standby points to conduct observation of the area on foot. e. Shall check and verify response of crew with negative results such as failure to apprehend a suspect and recovery of evidence This module is exclusively intended for the BS Criminology students of Southern Peninsula College of Labason, Zamboanga del Norte. No portion of this module may be copied or reproduced by any other means without prior written permission of the management. SPENC

f. Shall inspect their respective residence, members of his crew who reported sick or malingering g. Shall responsible for the discipline and performance of his men in the field. h. Shall gather intelligence information for collation and dissemination to the platoon during roll call training i. Shall check the crew at their reliving points and shall return to base station only when all crew under his supervision have checked off at base. j. Shall perform all other duties and tasked to be assigned by his commander and his deputy. 3. Mobile Patrol Crew - responsibilities a. Shall report for duty at the base station at least 30 minutes before roll call training, to check and warm-up his radio car, and prepare all necessary equipments he is going to use in his patrol works. b. Shall attend the roll-call formation and training period, inspection of arm and equipment, taking notes of latest memoranda, circulars, other newly enacted laws, ordinances and alarms. c. Shall proceed directly to their designated relieving points, upon being posted, and confer with the crew being relieved on the general condition of the area of coverage. d. Shall “get himself acquainted” with patrol pattern of the area, and information regarding presence of suspicious characters, prostitutions, narcotics, gambling dens and narcotics groups. e. Shall be observant of persons and things, which may cause and create police hazards. f. Shall "relay preparatory call" to the radio control, about a vehicle in pursuit, mentioning among others, the plate number, direction of escape, and reason for police action. g. Shall update the staff supervisor from time to time, with regards to the current activities. h. Shall constantly maintain a harmonious relationship with the public during their patrol duty so as to develop their cooperation and support. Do's and Don’ts, upon stopping a vehicle and interrogating drivers: 1. During day time the widest portion of the road, where to stop motorist must be selected 2. The motorist shall be signaled to pull closer to the right side of the road with patrol car parked behind the vehicle. 3. Observe the flow of traffic coming from behind before opening the door and delighting from the patrol car. 4. In issuing a citation, the officer must occupy the right side of the vehicle, either the motorist car or the patrol car, using the hood to accomplish the citation. 5. At nighttime, a well-lighted place should be selected to stop a motorist. 6. In issuing citations, while the recorder is busy filling the ticket, the driver of the stopped vehicle shall regulate the traffic. 7. A citation must be issued within three minutes. 8. A patrol officer must never stand to do anything in front of a stopped vehicle with its engine running and the driver still on the wheel. This module is exclusively intended for the BS Criminology students of Southern Peninsula College of Labason, Zamboanga del Norte. No portion of this module may be copied or reproduced by any other means without prior written permission of the management. SPENC

9. The patrol officer must never stand on the way of the door of the stopped vehicle especially if he is ordering the suspicious driver to get out from the vehicle. 10. Never allow a person being interrogated to stand at the firearm side. 11. Never allow an apprehended suspect to sit inside the patrol car on the firearm side. The One Car One Sector Concept A sector is the area of patrol responsibility covered by a mobile patrol car. It

is

composed

of

several

patrol

beats.

All factors that influence the organization of beats like topography accessibility, population density, crime rate, hazards, called for services, etc. are all considered in lying out of a sector they will be covered by a single patrol car for every eight hour of duty in 24 hours. It is calculated in the operational plan that the operating time interval, i.e. the interval between the commission of the crime and the arrival of a patrol officer at the scene shall be reduced. The commonly accepted time interval of the "critical time is categorized into four phases.

a. Time interval between the commission of the crime and the citizens telephone call to the police and the mobile patrol headquarter. b. The time between the lifting of the receiver and the beginning of the actual message, between the desk officer and the caller. c. The time between the' officer caller conversation and the broadcast of the report by the radio dispatcher to the specific car assigned at the scene. d. The running time, response time of the dispatched patrol car room his position where the assignment was received and its arrival at the scene of the incident.

All the above interval phases are flexible for future operational improvements t...