LDu21as3v2018 - These are all assignments which are also guidelines of how to get a D* (Distinction PDF

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These are all assignments which are also guidelines of how to get a D* (Distinction Star) in your course!...

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LEARNER ASSESSMENT SUBMISSION AND DECLARATION When submitting evidence for assessment, each learner must sign a declaration confirming that the work is their own.

Learner name: Assessor name: Lauren Dowdeswell Nick Peers-Dent Issue date: Submission date: Submitted on: 23/03/18 23/04/18 Programme/qualification: BTEC National Level 3 Applied Science Unit number: Unit 21 – Biomedical Science techniques Assignment reference and title: Assignment 3 – Blood, Blood products and clinical blood analysis

Learner declaration I certify that the work submitted for this assignment is my own. I have clearly referenced any sources used in the work. I understand that false declaration is a form of malpractice.

Learner signature:

[email protected]

Date: 16.04.2018

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Assignment brief – QCF BTEC Assignment front sheet In this assessment you will have opportunities to provide evidence against the following criteria. Indicate the page numbers where the evidence can be found.

Criteria reference

To achieve the criteria the evidence must show that the student is able to:

Page no.

Evidence

describe some of the abnormalities that diagnostic techniques used in blood analysis can identify

P4

M3

For P4, learners require knowledge of a number of diagnostic techniques used in blood analysis. Learners must show how these diagnostic techniques identify a specific abnormality. It is accepted that learners may not have practical experience of carrying out the diagnostic techniques, but they should observe them whenever possible. explain the clinical uses of different blood products used in transfusions For M3, learners must explain the role of blood products, administered by transfusion, in the treatment of disease. discuss the effectiveness of screening blood products for one transmissible disease

D3

For D3, learners must consider the safety of the products used in blood transfusions. They must discuss, in general terms, the screening procedures used and then evaluate the effectiveness of the screening process in relation to one transmissible disease.

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Assignment brief Purpose of this assignment 3

Know how the principles of blood transfusion science relate to haematology

Components of blood: erythrocytes, leucocytes, thrombocytes, structure and functions, origins Diagnostic techniques: eg blood smears, red blood cell count, reticulocyte count, mean corpuscular volume; analysis for iron deficiency, coagulation, platelet counts, tests for abnormal haemoglobin, blood volumes Erythrocytes: associated diseases, eg anaemia, thalassaemia, megaloblastic anaemia, aplastic anaemia, vitamin B12 deficiency, foliate deficiency, sickle cell anaemia Leucocytes/white blood cells: their role in immunity; disorders associated with leucocytes, eg lymphocytosis, infectious mononucleosis, AIDS Platelets: use in treatment of diseases, eg haemophilia Haemostasis and thrombosis: definitions; significance to the human body Associated blood diseases: bone marrow failure; leukaemias; lymphomas, eg Hodgkin’s, non-Hodgkin’s disease Transfusions: production of blood products; red cell compatibility; pretransfusion and transfusion procedures including screening; clinical use of blood products, eg in surgery, intensive care, haemophilia, anaemia, obstetrics, haemolytic disease of new-born infants, myasthemia gravis, neuromuscular diseases, Kawasaki disease Transmissible infections by transfusion: eg hepatitis, cytomegalovirus (CMV), human parvovirus (B19), malaria, Chagas diseases; screening of blood products Scenario You have just started work at a haematology lab in a hospital as part of your apprenticeship to become a Medical Laboratory Technician. You have been on a few sessions at the local college to brush up your knowledge of blood cells, blood products and clinical diagnosis of blood diseases. The manager of the laboratory would like you to gather information. This will be passed to a publishing company to produce leaflets for patients that visit the emergency rooms of the hospital.

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Task 1 – Collect the information together that the publishing company will need to detail the types of blood components and the diseases associated with them. P4 - describe some of the abnormalities that diagnostic techniques used in blood analysis can identify 1.

Complete this table detailing the components of blood.

2.

Describe the diseases that can affect the various blood components: Erythrocytes (4 of; anaemia, thalassaemia, megaloblastic anaemia, aplastic anaemia, vitamin B12 deficiency, foliate deficiency, sickle cell anaemia) Leucocytes (lymphocytosis, infectious mononucleosis, AIDS) Additional blood disorders (leukaemias, bone marrow failure, lymphomas)

3.

Describe each of the diagnostic test listed and STATE which abnormality/problem they can be used to detect: Diagnostic techniques: blood smears, red blood cell count, reticulocyte count, mean corpuscular volume; analysis for iron deficiency, coagulation, platelet counts, tests for abnormal haemoglobin, blood volumes

Evidence checklist (ALL OF THIS MUST BE COMBINED INTO ONE WORD DOCUMENT) [Summarise evidence required, e.g. ‘leaflet’, ‘presentation notes’ etc.]

[tick boxes]

Questions for Information Sheets Report on blood products and their safety

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Sources of information

Textbooks Fullick A – Body Systems and Health (Life Science In Depth) (Heinemann, 2006) ISBN 9781403475190 Johnson M D – Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues, 3rd Edition (Benjamin Cummings, 2005), ISBN 9780805354348 Jones M et al - OCR Biology 1 (Cambridge, 2006) ISBN 9780521787192 pp.203-232 Pickering W R – A-level Advanced Human Biology Through Diagrams (Oxford University Press, 2001), ISBN 9780199141968 Weblinks

http://nhap.org/nha-issues-warning-about-selling-nhs-blood-plasma-supplier-to-chinese-company-creat/, National Health Action Party, “NHA issues warning about selling NHS blood plasma supplier to Chinese company Creat”, 2016

http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/ztp9q6f/revision, BBC Bitesize GCSE, Blood section http://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/biology/transport/revise-it/blood, S-Cool revision site, Blood Section http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Blood-tests/Pages/What-it-is-used-for.aspx, NHS.co.uk, “Blood tests - Common examples”, 2017 http://moodle2.cirencester.ac.uk/mod/folder/view.php?id=143817, Cirencester College Moodle course, Presentations relevant to this work

Assessor's comments Criteria reference

To achieve the criteria the evidence must show that the student is able to:

P4

describe some of the abnormalities that diagnostic techniques used in blood analysis can identify

M3

explain the clinical uses of different blood products used in transfusions

D3

discuss the effectiveness of screening blood products for one transmissible disease

Achieved?

Assessor feedback

Internal Verifier Feedback (if IV’d)

Assessor signature IV signature (if IV’d)

[email protected]

Date Date

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Student signature

Use your COLLEGE email address as your signature.

Date

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P4 - Describe some of the abnormalities that diagnostic techniques used in blood analysis can identify

Erythrocytes are a type of red blood cells that transport oxygen through the body. There are between 5 and 6 million in the body. These cells develop from a single population of cells called pluripotent stem cells in the red marrow of the bones. The structure of erythrocytes are well suited for their main function of oxygen transport around the blood. They are flat, discshaped, biconcave cells which is an unique shape to help this function. The biconcave shape provides a larger surface area for diffusion of oxygen and the thin walls enables oxygen to diffuse rapidly. Unlike some cells, erythrocytes are not able to divide and reproduce so they need totally new cells to replace them. Their life span is about 120 days. They are made in the red bone marrow.

Leukocytes are one of the five major types of white blood cells. Their function is in defence, where they phagocytize bacteria and debris or by producing antibodies. These are also produced in a single production of cells called pluripotent stem cells in the red marrow of bones. These also help in blood-clotting, as they collect at the site and the exposed tissue is shut. Leucocytes are cells which circulate in the blood and body fluids. It is involved in counteracting foreign substances and diseases. There are several types, such as lymphocytes and monocytes. Like red blood cells, they are produced in the bone marrow, which is the soft, fatty tissue inside bone cavities.

Thrombocytes are a type of platelets, which are tiny blood cells that help your body form clots to stop bleeding. If one of your blood vessels gets damaged, it sends out signals that are picked up by platelets. The platelets then rush to the site of damage and form a plug, or clot, to repair the damage. The cellular elements of blood wear out, so the function of blood clotting is very important. These too are produced by a single population of cells called pluripotent stem cells I the red marrow of the bone. When the endothelium of a blood vessel is damaged, the thrombocytes convert fibrinogen into fibrin, which forms the clot. When forming said clot, they release a chemical that makes other thrombocytes sticky so they form together and form a plug, creating an initial barrier to further blood loss.

Anaemia is caused by a lack of iron, often because of blood loss or pregnancy. These cells are important for carrying oxygen around the body. It is treated with iron tablets prescribed by a GP and can also be aided by eating iron-rich foods. Symptoms can include tiredness and lack of energy, shortness of breath, noticeable heartbeats and pale skin. Women and people with long term chronic diseases are at the most risk of anaemia. Some forms are hereditary and infants can be affected at birth. Women are most susceptible during pregnancy because of the blood loss during the delivery, as well as the demand of blood for the baby. Elderly people are also at greater risk because of their poor diet and other medical conditions. If you have anaemia, your body doesn’t get enough oxygen-rich blood and if it is chronic then it can cause

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damage to the heart, brain and other organs in the body. It can even cause death if it is too severe.

Thalassaemia is an inherited blood disorder caused by a defect in a gene. The condition causes the body to produce abnormal haemoglobin red blood cells, which can then cause anaemia. These red blood cells are important for carrying oxygen around the body so this can be a serious illness. It is a similar illness to anaemia and the two are sometimes confused, but can be distinguished between using a blood test. Symptoms of this include weakness, fatigue and feeling faint with shortness of breath. There are two main types which are alpha thalassaemia and beta thalassaemia. Thalassaemia cannot be caught from another person but only inherited from genes and can be passed down from parents to children.

Vitamin B12 Deficiency is a type of deficiency occurs when a lack of vitamin B12 causes the body to produce abnormally large red blood cells that can’t function properly. This is also a type of anaemia because it is an abnormality in red blood cells which affects the way they function. This deficiency can cause a wide range of issues including; extreme tiredness, a lack of energy; pins and needles, a sore tongue, mouth ulcers, muscle weakness, disturbed vision, psychological problems and memory problems. It can then cause your immune system to attack healthy cells in the stomach. It can be caused because of poor diet (vegan diets) and certain medications. It is more common in older people. It can be treated by replacing those missing vitamins by tablets or injections, or just eating food where this vitamin is common, such as fish and meat.

Sickle Cell Anaemia is an inherited disorder of the haemoglobin in the blood. It requires the inheritance of two sickle cell genes. Having only one gene almost never causes a problem. It is a disorder of the blood and the sickle red blood cells are fragile and prone to rupture. The irregular sickled cells can also block blood vessels causing tissue and organ damage and pain. Virtually all of the major symptoms of sickle cell anaemia are the direct result of the abnormality shaped sickled red blood cells blocking the flow of blood. The current treatment of sickle cell anaemia is directed primarily towards managing the individual features of the illness as they occur.

AIDS is a spectrum of conditions caused by a sexually transmitted disease. Following initial infection, a person may not notice any symptoms, followed by a brief period of influenza-like illness. As the infection progresses, it interferes with the immune system and increases the risk of common infections such as TB. It spreads primarily through unprotected sex, contaminated blood transfusions, hypodermic needles, but can also be given to you at birth if the child’s mother suffers with it, or through breastfeeding. There is currently no cure of HIV vaccine, however HAART is used to slow the progression of the disease. AIDS itself won’t kill you but it weakens the immune system, so your body cannot fight disease as well. It can also cause problems with your eyes, lungs and digestive tract. Famous cases of HIV/AIDS include: Freddie Mercury, Charlie Sheen, Eazy-E, Tom Fogerty, Andy Fraser and Ricky Wilson.

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Lymphocytosis is an increase in the number of lymphocytes in the blood. In adults, this is when the number increases beyond 4000 per microliter. It is usually detected when a complete blood count is obtained. If not provided the lymphocyte count can be calculated by multiplying the total white blood cell count by the percentage of lymphocytes found in the differential count. Lymphocytosis is a feature of infection and causes include, viral infections, chronic bacterial infections, leukaemia, lymphoma and smoking.

Infectious mononucleosis refers to a group of symptoms usually caused by the Epstein-Bar virus. It typically occurs in teenagers, but you can get it at any age. The virus spreads through saliva. Many children develop it at a young age, and you are not likely to get it more than once. People with mono often have a high fever, swollen lymph glands and a sore throat. It is not usually serious and goes away on its own after a month. It can also be in the form of glandular fever. In young adults, the disease often results in fevers, sore throats, enlarged lymph nodes in the neck and extreme tiredness. Most people can get better in two to four weeks however, some of the symptoms may last for months. The liver or spleen may also become swollen and in less than 1%, the spleen can rupture.

Leukaemia is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow. Blood cells are produced in the bone marrow, so leukaemia is a problem with the production. It usually affects leukocytes. It is most likely to affect people over the age of 55 but is also the most common cancer in those aged under 15. Acute leukaemia develops quickly and worsens rapidly but chronic leukaemia is not always untreatable and gets worse over time. It occurs when the DNA of immature blood cells become damaged in some way. This causes the blood cells to grow and divide rapidly so there are too many. The healthy cells die after a while and are replaced by new cells, which are produced in the bone marrow. The abnormal blood cells do not die when they should, so they occupy more space. As more cancer cells are produced, they stop the healthy cells from growing and functioning normally, by crowding out space in the blood. It can be treated by; targeted therapy, chemotherapy, surgery and radiation therapy.

Bone Marrow Failure occurs when your bone marrow is unable to keep up with your body’s need for healthy blood cells. Examples of bone marrow failure are: aplastic anaemia, myelodysplastic syndromes and paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria. It occurs in individuals who produce an insufficient amount of red blood cells, white blood cells or platelets. Red blood cells transport oxygen to be distributed throughout the body’s tissue. White blood cells fight off infections that enter the body. Bone marrow also contains platelets, which trigger clotting, and thus help stop the blood flow when a wound occurs.

Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system. It affects a type of white blood cells known as lymphocytes. These help fight disease in the body. They play an important role in the immune system. This type of cancer starts in the white blood cells. As these are present in the bloodstream, it can spread to different parts of the body. It can occur at any age but it mostly

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occurs in those aged 15-24. It is often, but not always treatable. The two main types are Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin. Non-Hodgkin is the most common. The main symptom is usually an enlargement of the lymph nodes that does not go away as it normally would after an infection.

Type of Test

What it is

What can be diagnosed

A blood test used to look for abnormalities in blood cells. The three main blood cells that the test

o

Iron deficiency anaemia

focuses on are red cells, white cells and platelets.

o

Sickle cell anaemia

The test provides information on the number and

o

Haemolytic uremic syndrome

shape of these cells, which can

o

Polycythaemia rubra vera

help doctors

diagnose certain blood disorders or other medical Blood Smears

Red Blood Cell Count

Red Blood Cells:

conditions.

White Blood Cells: o

Leukaemia

o

Lymphoma

o

HIV

o

Hepatitis C

o

Pinworm

A blood test that your doctor uses to find out how

o o

Candidiasis Anaemia

many red blood cells you have. It is also known as

o

Bone marrow failure

an erythrocyte count. The test is important because

o

Leukaemia

red blood cells contain haemoglobin, which carries

o

Malnutrition

oxygen to your body’s tissues. The number you

o

Multiple myeloma

o

Thyroid disorders

have can affect the amount of oxygen your tissues receive. A blood test to measure the level of reticulocytes in

High Count:

your blood. It can help doctor’s find out if your bone

o

Acute bleeding

marrow is producing enough red blood cells. This

o

Haemolytic anaemia

will be shown by too many or too few reticulocytes.

o

Erythroblastosis fetalis

Reticulocyte

It can also help diagnose a variety of conditions

o

Count

Kidney disease

such as anaemia.

Low Count: o

Iron deficiency

o

Kidney disease

This shows the average volume of red blood cells.

o o

Cirrhosis Iron deficiency anae...