Lecture 2 - Impact PDF

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LECTURE 2 ...

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LECTURE 2 – 2233THS DEFINTION OF SOCIAL IMPACTS “The changes in the quality of life of residents of tourist destinations that are a consequence of tourism of any kind in that destination” (Wall & Mathieson, 2006, p. 227) RELATES TO: well-being of a community – how tourism affects your opportunities for employment, overall happiness and quality of life etc (FROM A RESIDENTS PERSPECTIVE)

OVER-TOURISM The impact of tourism on a destination, or parts thereof, that excessively influences perceived quality of life of citizens and/or quality of visitor’s experiences in a negative way. (UNWTO, 2019) (THIS CAN RELATE TO CARRYING CAPACITY AS WELL,WHICH AFFECTS VISITOR EXPERIENCE)   The hottest tourism topic since 2017  Anti-tourist protests sweep through Europe

ARE ALL SOCIAL IMPACTS NEGATIVE? o

NEGATIVE

o

Tourism and xenophobia

o

Social disruption

o o

Crime Breakdowns in traditional and family culture

o

Commercialisation of heritage and culture

o o

POSITIVE Broadening of international peace

o

Preservation of heritage and culture

o o

Reduction of religious, racial and language barriers Enhancement of appreciation of own culture

HOST / GUEST INTERACTIONS Social impacts of tourism is determined by host/guest interactions: -

Transitory nature Differing level of interest in eachothers’ culture Temporal and spatial constraints Competition for same facilities and services

MODELS TO ASSESS: SOCIAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM o o

Butler: Destination Lifecycle Doxey: Irridex Model

o

Dogan: Host Behavioural Responses

o

Ap & Crompton: Host Behavioural Responses

o

Bjorkland & Philbrick: Attitudinal Framework

o o

Faulkner & Tideswell: Extrinsic vs Intrinsic frameworks UNDERSTAND 2 OF THESE MODELS FOR EXAM

BUTLER: DESTINATION LIFECYCLE

EXPLAINATION: At the exploration stage (very little tourism) – not feeling much of an impact from tourism because of the little tourism levels. The interactions will be personal rather than transactional. The involvement stage: backpackers / tourists will post their travels on Facebook or TripAdvisor and will get other people involved in visiting which will create a small impact for locals to be involved in tourism. Development stage – when you will see international companies coming in – outside investment, involvement of local people begins to decline (Brisbane is in the development stage) Consolidation stage – the point where we hit the carrying capacity which starts to see the number of tourists increase – your destination will have a tourism precinct like a main street with services for visitors specifically. Tourism has a large impact of the economic. Noticing little problems Stagnation – way past carrying capacity – tourists are everywhere eg BARCELONA – mass tourism destination. More obvious environmental and negative social impacts – when you’re over carrying capacity your problems start to emerge which can go to 3 options major problem starts here. DECLINE, CONTINUED STAGNATION, REJUVINATION As the destination develops, over time it will increase the effect you feel from tourism as a local

DOXEY: IRRIDEX MODEL FIVE LEVELS PASSED THROUGH IN A UNIDIRECTIONAL SEQUENCE Euphoria Apathy Irritation Antagonism The final level – the destination is fundamentally changed Euphoria – super happy to have tourism in the area Apathy – can notice little tourism action Irritation – can notice negatives from tourism Antagonism – more hostile towards tourism – not impressed and when you notice bad differences in area you blame tourism The final level – the area is changed due to tourism

DOGAN: HOST BEHAVIOURAL RESPONSES Host’s behavioural responses to tourism pressures:  Resistance- the protests in Barcelona  Retreatism- not that obvious  Boundary maintenance- separating the community from the tourist bubble (Maldives)  Revitalisation- Singapore – uses tourism as a way to preserve the culture  Adoption- example is Bali KUTA adopts the tourist culture which replaces the traditional culture (this could be due to economic impact) There are so many people in a community – how a community responds to TOURISM behaviour

AP AND CROMPTON: HOST BEHAVIOURAL RESPONSES Individual residents’ behavioural responses to tourism pressures:  Embracement

 Tolerance  Adjustment  Withdrawal

SUMMARY OF MODELS 1-4

EXTRINSIC VS INTRINSIC FRAMEWORKS  Extrinsic  Seeks to explain reactions to tourism based on destination characteristics

 Intrinsic  Seeks to identify variations between sub groups of community  Also include demographic and values (cultural and socio-political)

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SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY  A general sociological theory concerned with understanding the exchange of resources between individuals and groups in an interaction situation  In terms of tourism, host-guest relationships depend on:  residents will have more positive perceptions of tourism if they perceive it to bring them substantial benefits  residents will have negative perceptions of tourism if they perceive it to be associated with substantial costs and that these costs outweigh the benefits  cost-benefit analysis

SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS THEORY

 Social representations: Systems of preconceptions, images and values which have their own cultural meaning and persist independently of individual experience // THREE MAIN SOURCES:  direct experience with the actual phenomenon or one that is seen as similar  social interaction  external sources such as the media

ASSESSMENT METHODS  Assessment topics  Perceived impacts of tourism  Quality of life  Resident sentiments  Willingness to pay or accept •

e.g. the amount of annual tax increase to clean up a destination

 Assessment methods  Questionnaire survey  Qualitative interview  Focus group  Visual-based methods

SUMMARY  Impacts of tourism can be explained by various models and social theories  Variations in the perception of tourism impact can exist within a community  Tourism impact assessment need to consider these variations...