Lecture(s) Notes Phonetics PDF

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These notes cover a range of topics of the subject of phonetics. It discusses the importance of phonemic contrasting, morphemes, minimal pairs, syntax and much more. ...

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Montclair State University Lecture(s) Notes Phonetics

You need to know the difference between spelling and sound. Spelling is different than sound. For example cat is spelled “CAT” but cat is said with the /k/ phoneme. - /kat/ is how it sounds phonetically. To be clear: you must ignore spelling and only think about word sounds in order to study phonetics graphemes: printed letters phonemes: speech sound (not just any sound ex. not a hiccup, not a burp) English has 44 phonemes and 26 graphemes

How does spelling and sound differ A phonetic alphabet is one that has one letter per sound Our Roman alphabet is not phonetic because it only has 26 letters to represent 44/42 sounds and our vowels represent 14 different vowel sounds one letter may represent more than one sound one sequence of letters may represent different sounds depending on the word’s originThrough, bough, cough, rough

allographs (allo means the same) Another way that sound and spelling differ is that the same sound can be represented by more than one letter

ex) loop, through, threw, fruit, canoe- p.11 *these specific examples are called digraphs (which are pairs of letters that represent one sound exercise 2.2

silent letters- also often due to origin: [pneumonia, rhombus, cyst]greek entire words borrowed : [chutzpah] Yiddish

Morpheme

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Smallest meaningful unit of language

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Bound Morpheme [s, ing, ed, re, dis, dys]- acquired in a certain developmental order (Brown’s morphemes)

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Free Morpheme : isn’t bound, can be as long as [asparagus] Can stand on its own as an actual word

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2.3,2.4

Phoneme speech sound= phoneme; can distinguish one morpheme from another because the IPA is a phonetic alphabet, each symbol represents one phoneme minimal pairs = minimal contrasts: words that differ by only one phoneme (in the same position in the word) cat/cap; pen/pan;mis/sit;hear/beer;clip/click;brine/bright

IPA chart

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Created in 1886; consistent across languages

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Table 2.1 IPA for English

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Figure 2.1 complete (2005) revision

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all english sounds are pulmonic= produced with air coming from the lungs.

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While we focus on English some of the non-English symbols are used to transcribe speech sound disorders

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non-pulmonic = clicks

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vowels-quadrilateral represents a mouth (oral cavity); vowel placement in the quadrangle are based on where the tongue is in mouth

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Diacritics= symbols which show alternate way to produce a sound

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Suprasegmentals=stress[emphasis],intonation[opposite of monotone], tempo[how fast ur going]

allophone phonemes can also be thought of as a family of sounds (in addition to being thought of as a speech sound that can distinguish one morpheme from another) Allophones are normal variants of the same speech sound based on the surrounding sounds influencing it-so varies based on context: /l/ in "lip" vs /l/ in "bottle"; more front /l/ vs more back /l/ respectively; same for the two /l/’s in "little"-doesnt change the meaning so doesn’t create a minimal pair Complementary distribution= two allophones are found in different phonemic contexts and are not interchangeable- see pg 19 for examples (aspirated vs. unaspirated, etc vs free variation (released or unreleased final t)= based on speaker preference aspirated/released vs unreleased: extra puff of air ex hit vs hiT

Syllable:

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Some experts suggest that syllable is actually the smallest unit of speech production rather than the phoneme

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May be composed of one vowel alone or a vowel in combination with one or more consonants

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But what about dialectical variations and words like "prism" ? What about "chocolate" "camera"?

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Onset rime (rhyme)- onset- all the consonants that precede the vowel; afraid-since starts with a vowel no initial onset but then the onset for the second a is the fr

Rime

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nucleus + Coda; nucleus usually vowel; code includes the consonants after the nucleusvery difficult- don’t stress over this

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open syllables vs closed syllables (end with coda/consonant) exercise 2.14 & 2.15

Open Syllable = word ends in a consonant (sound) Closed Syllables= word ends in a vowel (sound)

Primary Stress When a word has more than one syllable one of them will have a greater force/muscular energy/more emphasis Word Stress = lexical stress = word accent

Perceived as longer, louder and higher in pitch Secondary Stress= no stress Can be denoted using IPA ‘ at the beginning of the stressed syllable Sometimes changing stress changes part of the speech

Noun-first syllable stress Verb- second syllable stress

Narrow vs Broad Transcription //vergules vs [] brackets Broad transcription (phonemic) When you make no attempt to consider allophonic variation Narrow Transcription/Allophonic transcription: uses diacritics to show allophonic variation; impressionistic transcription [] is a type of allophonic transcription where you know nothing about the speech system you are analyzing. 2.21

Speech Organs

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Tongue

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Teeth

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lips

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alveolar ridge

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velum (soft palate)

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hard palate

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nose

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lungs

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larynx

Pharynx= another word for throat epiglottis= directs food and liquid dont esophagus rather than down the vocal folds larynx= voice box glottis = space between either side of vocal cords

Dysphagia = swallowing disorders not to be confused with dysphasia [opposite of aphasia]

The Respiratory System Speech only occurs with steady supply from air from the lungs parts of the respiratory system: lungs- exhale 90% of inhale-exhale cycle when speaking; at rest it is 50/50 Trachea Ribs: ribcage expands enlarging the thoracic cavity thorax- chest cavity expands to make room for expanding lungs abdomen diaphragm-muscle-lowers-separates abdominal cavity from thoracic cavity external intercostals- muscles between the ribs

as lungs expand the air pressure in the lungs becomes less than the environment (the thoracic cavity)- this creates negative pressure so air rushes into lungs deflation= exhalation, due to elasticity; ribs and diaphragm return to original position As a result air goes up to trachea connected to larynx on one end and lungs on other; cartilaginous rings and muscle

Laryngeal System and Phonation larynx (voice box) muscle, cartlidge, and 1 bone (hyoid) Hyoid is only bone in the body that does not attached to another bone In larynx - vocal folds/cords-tissue mostly muscle: attached anteriorly to thyroid cartilage; posteriorly to arytenoids arytenoids attach to superior portion of cricoid which encircles the larynx thyroid cartilages attach laterally to cricoid

glottal stop occurs between vowels all nasal consonants are voiced

There are no bilabial fricatives in english

velar fricatives occur in german and hebrew (glottal) but not in english.

A statement would never have rising intonation

but not all questions have rising intonation...