Phonetics & Phonology PDF

Preview

Summary

Sommersemester Zusammenfassung des Themas Phonology & Phonetics ...

Description

Zusammenfassung Wengler LINGUISTICS Phonetics & Phonology Definition Phonetics: is the systematic study of sounds in speech, which is physical and directly observable. •

Articulatory phonetics

•

Acoustic phonetics

•

Auditory phonetics

Definition Phonology: is the scientific study of the sound system of a particular language (Segmental phonology /Suprasegmental phonology (=prosody)) Phonetics parole/competence actual sounds in concrete utterances ➔ Substance of sounds

Phonology langue/performance speech sound as abstract mental knowledge structures ➔ Function of sounds

Phone: minimal segment of speech signal (concrete acoustic realization) notation: [] Phoneme: smallest meaning distinguishing unit (abstract mental image) notation: //

Phonetic transcription after International Phonetic Al phabet (IPA): Types of transcription: • Orthographic transcription: • Phonemic transcription: /wen 'tu: 'ɪŋglɪʃmən 'mi:t | ðeə 'fɜ:st 'tɔ:k iz əv ðə 'weðə/ • Phonetic transcription (narrow – broad) [wˌnˈtʰʉ:ʷ'ɪŋglɪʃmˌn'mi:ʔt | ðə'fɜ:s'tʰɔ:ksəvðə'weðə]

Speech Production :

Respiratory system: •

All speech organs located in the chest

•

Primary function: respiration

•

Speech production: source of energy -> provision of pulmonic egressive airstream

Phonatory system: •

Larynx -> vocal folds

•

Speech production: source of voice -> vibration of vocal folds = voicing/ phonation

•

rapid vibration of the vocal folds: voiced sounds

•

vocal folds apart, no vibration: voiceless sounds

Articulatory system: •

All speech organs in the vocal tract (cavities, active & passive articulators)

•

Speech production: formation of speech sounds

•

Cavities act as resonance chambers

•

Oral and nasal cavity separated from each other by the palate; back of the palate (=velum) consists of soft muscular tissue -> can be raised to completely close off the nasal cavity

Engli sh Speak Sounds: Consonants: •

• Vowels: • •

Airstream partially or completely obstructed in some place of the vocal tract due to the action of certain articulators Voiced & voiceless Airstream passes vocal tract relatively unimpeded Usually voiced

Criteria for classification: CONSONANTS • • •

Voicing: voiced – voiceless Place of articulation: articulators involved Manner of articulation: action of articulators

Types o f consonants/ articulation: • • • • • • • • • •

Plosives: two articulators touch each other → airflow completely blocked (ex: bilabial plosive = /b/) Fricatives: air pressed through narrow articulation channel→ friction (ex: voiceless alveolar fricative = /s/) Affricates: plosive + fricative Nasals: Airflow in oral cavity completely obstructed; velum lowered → air escapes through nasal cavity Liquids: Combination of obstruction and simultaneous escape of airstream semi-vowels: Tongue gliding to or from the position of a vowel → glides trill rolled [r]: repeated hitting of one articulator with another tap [r]: one articulator hitting another once lateral approximant [I]: airstream passes at both sides of tongue approximant [j]: two articulators move towards each other; no friction created

Place o f articulation: • • • • • • • • • • • •

bilabial [b] both lips labiodental [f] lower lip and upper teeth (inter-)dental [0] tongue and teeth alveolar es] tip of tongue and alveolar ridge postalveolar [J1 blade of tongue and place just behind alveolar ridge retroflex [t:J tip of tongue, curled up and back, and palate palatal [j] blade of tongue and palate velar [g] back of tongue and velum uvular [R] uvula pharyngeal eh] pharynx glottal eh] vocal folds labiovelar [w] lips, back of tongue and velum

Criteria for classifications: VOWELS • • • • •

Height (high, mid, low) Location (front, central, back) Roundedness (rounded, unrounded) Length (long, short) Number of targets (monophthong, diphthong)

Phonemes Phones and Allophones Phonemes are the smallest meaningdistinguishing units of a language Phonemes are abstract entities (speakers‘ mental representation of speech sounds) The actual speech sounds speakers produce and listeners hear (concrete realization) = phones Phones that are realisations of the same phoneme are called allophones Minimal pair test: sing [siŋ] → replace [s] with [θ] →[θiŋ] thing • [siŋ] sing and [θiŋ] thing are both meaning-carrying units • They differ in exactly one sound of an otherwise identical sequence of sounds • This difference in sound causes a difference in meaning ➔ /θ/ and /s/ are two phonemes of English

Two types of allophones: •

•

Contextual variants: depending on phonetic context → in complementary distribution Lip, lily -> clear l, before and after vowel Ball, help -> dark/velarized l, after vowel Free variants: matter of social, regional backround → free in variation What, butter -> /tt/ not spoken sometimes...