Study Guide Answers - Phonology PDF

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CHAPTER 3. PHONOLOGY: CONTRASTS AND PATTERNS FINDING PHONEMES Exercise! 1. 2. 3. 4.

minimal pair near minimal pair not a minimal pair or near minimal pair minimal pair

5. not a minimal or near minimal pair 6. near minimal pair 7. minimal pair

COMPLEMENTARY DISTRIBUTION Exercise! 1. [é] occurs after [ë] and after a stressed vowel [éõ] occurs at the beginning of a word and before a stressed vowel [é≈] occurs at the end of a word and before a consonant 2. [ä] occurs at the beginning of a word, after [ë], and before a stressed vowel [˛] occurs at the end of a word after a vowel and after a stressed vowel [] occurs at the end of a word after a consonant

FINDING COMPLEMENTARY DISTRIBUTION 1. [ò] occurs between vowels; [ë] occurs elsewhere. /ë/ [ë] E

[ò] V__V

2. [p] occurs before [à]; [ë] occurs elsewhere. /ë/ [ë] E

[p] __ j

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3. [íë] occurs before a high back tense vowel; [íp] occurs before a high front tense vowel; [í] occurs elsewhere. /í/ [í] E

[íë] __ u

[íp] __ i

SOLVING PHONOLOGY PROBLEMS Some Data to Try . . . 1. [Ü] and [\] are allophones of separate phonemes. They are in contrastive distribution: (a) and (e) is a minimal pair, as is (b) and (f), (c) and (g), and (d) and (h). /Ü/

/\/

[Ü]

[\]

2. [q] and [í] are allophones of the same phoneme. They are in complementary distribution: [q] occurs between vowels and [í] occurs elsewhere. /í/ [í] E

[q] V__V

3. [Ñ] and [î] are allophones of separate phonemes. They are in contrastive distribution: (a) and (b) is a near minimal pair, as is (e) and (f). /Ñ/

/î/

[Ñ]

[î]

SOME PHONOLOGY PROBLEMS 1. Russian. [~] and [^] are allophones of the same phoneme. They are in complementary distribution: [^] occurs before a velarized lateral liquid, and [~] occurs elsewhere. /~/ [~] E

[^] __[˛] Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc. 10

ˇ 2. Korean. [ä] and [r] are allophones of the same phoneme. They are in complementary ˇ distribution: [r] occurs between vowels, and [ä] occurs elsewhere.

/ä/ ˇ [r] V__V

[ä] E

3. Inuktitut. [ì] and [~] are separate phonemes. They are in contrastive distribution: (2) and (8) is a minimal pair, as is (6) and (10). /ì/

/~/

[ì]

[~]

4. English. [Ö], [Öÿ], and [ÖH] are allophones of the same phoneme. They are in complementary distribution: [Öÿ] occurs before a high front tense unrounded vowel, [ÖH] occurs before a high back tense rounded vowel, and [Ö] occurs elsewhere. /Ö/ [Ö] E

[ÖH] __u

[Öÿ] __i

5. Tojolabal. [â] and [âˀ] are separate phonemes. They are in contrastive distribution: (1) and (8) is a near minimal pair, as is (4) and (12). /â/

/âˀ/

[â]

[âˀ]

6. English. [ä] and [˛] are allophones of the same phoneme. They are in complementary distribution: [˛] occurs before velar stops, and [ä] occurs elsewhere. /ä/ [ä] E

[˛] __ k __ g Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc. 11

7. Sindhi. [é], [Ä], and [éõ] are separate phonemes. They are in contrastive distribution: (1), (6), and (10) is a minimal pair (triplet!). /é/

/Ä/

/éõ/

[é]

[Ä]

[éõ]

8. Kenyang. [Ä] and [‡] are allophones of the same phoneme. They are in complementary distribution: [‡] occurs between vowels, and [Ä] occurs elsewhere. /Ä/ [Ä] E

[‡] V__V

RULES AND GENERALIZATIONS Try This! 1. ⎧⎪é ⎫⎪ → ⎧⎪Ä ⎫⎪ L # _____ ⎨í ⎬ ⎨Ç ⎬ ⎪⎩â ⎪⎭ ⎩⎪Ö⎭⎪

2.

{Çwíp }

→

{wp}

L V_____V

% / _____ 3. V → V

⎧ ⎫ ⎪ ã⎪ ⎨ å⎬ ⎪⎩ Ï ⎪⎭

4. ] → Ø / _____# 5. Ø → ] / p ___ l Exercise!

1. 2. 3. 4.

A voiceless alveolar stop becomes glottalized after a glottal stop. Voiceless fricatives become voiced between vowels. Front tense vowels become lax word finally. Alveolar stops become a flap between vowels.

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MORE PHONOLOGY PROBLEMS

1. Storish: [p] and [w] are allophones of the same phoneme. They are in complementary distribution: [p] occurs word finally, and [w] occurs elsewhere. /w/ [w] E

[p] __#

Rule: /w/ → [p] / __# Process: assimilation for voice (devoicing)

2. Nonamb: [á] and [ %á ] are allophones of the same phoneme. They are in complementary distribution: [ á% ] occurs before a nasal consonant, and [á] occurs elsewhere. /á/ Rule: /á/ → [ á% ] / ___ã [ %á ] __ ã __ å __ Ï

[á ] E

____å ____Ï Process: assimilation for manner (nasalization)

3. Skatik. [é] and [Ñ] are separate phonemes. They are in contrastive distribution: (1) and (7) is a minimal pair, as is (4) and (6). /é/

/Ñ/

[é ]

[Ñ]

4. Severenese: [á] and [ì] are separate phonemes. They are in contrastive distribution: (1) and (8) is a minimal pair, as is (4) and (6). /á/

/ì/

[á ]

[ì]

5. Luru: [ì] and [r] are allophones of the same phoneme. They are in complementary distribution: [r] occurs before liquids, and [ì] occurs elsewhere. /ì/ [ì ] E

[r] __ ä __ ê

Rule: /ì/ → [r] / ___ l ___ ê

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6. Silliese: [í] and [Ç] are allophones of the same phoneme. They are in complementary distribution: [Ç] occurs word initially, and [í] occurs elsewhere. /í/ [í ] E

Rule: /í/ → [Ç] /# _____ Process: assimilation for voice (voicing)

[Ç] #__

7. Breakie: [é] and [Ä] are separate phonemes. They are in contrastive distribution: (2) and (5) is a near minimal pair, as is (1) and (3). /é/

/Ä/

[é ]

[Ä]

Now . . . Storish: /Ö~ò~w/, /wáé~w/, /ëÉwçê/, /íìw]â]w/ (missing property: voice) Nonamb: /qáâáÖ/, /Öçêáã/, /ëÉóáí/, /âáÏÖäçå/ (missing property: nasal) Luru: /äìëâ~/, /Üçäì/, /ëìê~â/, /âÉíìä/ (missing property: tense) Silliese: /ã~í~å/, /íçêí~äì/, /~åí~ê/, /íáäá/ (missing property: voice)

SYLLABLES Try This! 1. /Ö~êKÇfå/; both are basic 2. /é~êâë/; basic 3. /íêÉàåÇ/; basic 4. /ÄàìKíá/; both are basic 5. /íïfÏKâ/; both are basic 6. /ä¾îKäá/; both are basic

7. /¾åKÇKëíôåÇ/; basic, basic, complex 8. /íê~àKôÏKÖ/; all are basic 9. /tbnt/; basic 10. /æŋKgri/; both are basic 11. /âäbåKò/; both are basic 12. /ëéäôpKÇ~ïå/; complex, basic

Now!

σ

σ

σ

σ

σ

σ

R

R

R

R

R

R

O N C O N C

O N

Ö

é ~ ê â

~ ê Ç

f å

C

O

ë

í

N

ê b å

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C

O

Ç

Ä

N

O

N

à ì

í

á

O

σ

σ

σ

σ

σ

σ

σ

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

O N C O

N

N C O N

O N

ä ¾

á

¾ å Ç

N C O N

í ï f Ï â



î

ä



ë í ô å

C

Ç

Exercise! Exercise! Every word in the data set contains only one CVC, or closed syllable. This is the syllable that receives the stress.

FEATURE EXERCISES

1. a. [voice] b. [continuant]

c. [strident] d. [nasal], [sonorant]

e. [continuant], [delayed release]

2. a. Segment: any vowel, or syllabic liquid/nasal; Feature: [+syllabic] b. Segment: any fricative; Feature: [-sonorant, +continuant] c. Segment: any tense vowel; Feature: [+tense] d. Segment: any stop (oral or nasal); Feature: [-continuant, -delayed release] e. Segment: any sonorant; Feature: [+sonorant] f. Segment: any front vowel; Feature: [-back]

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3. a. glides 4. a. b. c. d.

b. voiced fricatives

[í], [+voice]; [î], [-continuant] [ê], [+round]; [Ä], [+sonorant]; [ã], [-nasal]; [ï], [+consonantal] [à], [-continuant] or [+consonantal]; [å], [-nasal]; [í], [+voice] [ì], [-back]

5. a. [é, Ñ, ã, ï] forms a natural class: they are all [-round]; [â, Ï, à] forms a natural class: they are all [+high]. b. [é, í, â] forms a natural class: they are all [-sonorant, -continuant, -delayed release, -voice]; [ë, p ] forms a natural class: they are both [-sonorant, +continuant, +strident]; [í, ë, ê, p ] is not a natural class: [í, ë, ê] are [+anterior], while [p ] is not. c. [f, b, ô] forms a natural class: they are all [-back, -tense]; [ô, ç] does not form a natural class. d. [ã, å, Ï] forms a natural class: they are all [+sonorant, -continuant, +voice, +nasal]; [Ñ, ò, íp ] does not form a natural class; [Ö, Ï] forms a natural class: they are both [-continuant, +voice, +high, +back]. 6. a.

d.

+consonantal -syllabic -sonorant +continuant -strident

b.

+consonantal -syllabic -sonorant -continuant

c.

-consonantal +syllabic +sonorant +continuant +voice -back

-consonantal +syllabic +sonorant +continuant +voice +round -low +back +tense -reduced

EVEN MORE PHONOLOGY PROBLEMS

1. Canadian French: [í] and [íë] are allophones of the same phoneme. They are in complementary distribution: [íë] occurs before a high front vowel, and [í] occurs elsewhere. /í/ Rule: /í/ → [íë] / __[á] [í ] [íë] __[f] E __[i] __[ó] __[f] __[v] __[ó] Process: assimilation for manner __[v] Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc. 16

Note: The phonetic environment can be captured using features, as the sounds constitute a natural class (i.e., [-consonantal, +syllabic, +sonorant, +continuant, +voice, +high, -back]). UR →

/íáãfÇ/ ‘timid’

Affrication

íëáãfÇ

PR →

[íëáãfÇ]

/ãáåví/ ‘minute’

/ívÄ/ ‘tube’

íëvÄ [ãáåví]

[íëvÄ]

2. Burmese: [ã] and [] are allophones of the same phoneme. They are in complementary distribution: [ã] occurs after a voiceless glottal fricative, and [] occurs elsewhere. The same is true for [å] and [], and [Ï] and []. More generally, voiceless nasals occur after a voiceless glottal fricative and voiced nasals occur elsewhere. /ãåÏ/ [ãåÏ] E

Rule: ã å Ï

[] [Ü] __

→

  

/ h__

Process: assimilation for voice (devoicing) Using features:

UR →

+consonantal -syllabic +sonorant -continuant +nasal +voice /åïÉ/ ‘to bend’

Nasal Devoicing PR →

[åïÉ]

→

[-voice] /

-consonantal -syllabic -sonorant +continuant -voice +SG

/ÜåÉà/ ‘slow’

/ÜÏÉà/ ‘bird’

ÜåÉà

ÜÏÉà

[ÜÉà]

[ÜÉà]

3. Malay: [í] and [íÿ] are separate phonemes. They are in contrastive distribution: (1) and (8) form a minimal pair. /í/

/íÿ/

[í ]

[íÿ]

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4. Tamil: [é] and [Ä] are allophones of the same phoneme. They are in complementary distribution: [Ä] occurs between vowels, and [é] occurs elsewhere. The same is true for [â] and [Ö], [íខ] and [Çខ ], and [] and []. More generally, voiced stops occur between vowels, and voiceless stops occur elsewhere.

/é, íខ , , â/ [Ä, Çខ , , Ö] V__V

[é, íខ , , â] E

Rule: é íខ  â

→

Ä Çខ  Ö

/ V__V

Process: assimilation for voice (voicing) Using features: +consonantal -syllabic -sonorant -continuant -delayed release -voice UR →

→

/â~éé~ä/ ‘ship’

Stop Voicing PR →

[+voice] /

[â~éé~ä]

-consonantal +syllabic +sonorant +continuant +voice

-consonantal +syllabic +sonorant +continuant +voice

/âìá/ ‘jump’

/ãìâáä/ ‘cloud’

âìá

ãìÖáä

[âìá]

[ãìÖáä]

5. Igbirra: [É] and [~] are separate phonemes. They are in contrastive distribution: (1) and (5) form a near minimal pair, as do (2) and (6), (3) and (7), and (4) and (8). /É/ /~/ [É]

[~]

There is an alternate analysis of the data: [É] and [~] are allophones of the same phoneme. They are in complementary distribution: [É] occurs when the nucleus of the following syllable contains a tense vowel; [~] occurs when the nucleus of the following syllable contains a lax vowel.

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6. Gascon: [Ä] and [‡] are allophones of the same phoneme. They are in complementary distribution: [‡] occurs between vowels, and [Ä] occurs elsewhere. The same is true for [Ç] and [a], and [Ö] and [š]. More generally, voiced fricatives occur between vowels and voiced stops occur elsewhere. /Ä, Ç, Ö/ Rule: [Ä, Ç, Ö] E

[‡, a, š] V__V

Ä Ç Ö

→ ‡ a š

/ V__V

Process: Assimilation for manner (frication) Using features: +consonantal -syllabic -sonorant -continuant -delayed release +voice

→ [+continuant] /

-consonantal +syllabic +sonorant +continuant +voice

-consonantal +syllabic +sonorant +continuant +voice

Oral and nasal vowels are also allophones of the same phoneme. Nasal vowels occur before nasal consonants; oral vowels occur elsewhere. Using features:

UR →

-consonantal +syllabic +sonorant +continuant +voice -nasal /éìåÇÉ/ ‘to lay eggs’

→

[+nasal] /

/åçÄá/ ‘husband’

+consonantal -syllabic +sonorant -continuant +nasal

/ìãÄêç/ ‘long’

åç‡á

Frication Nasalization

éåÇÉ

PR →

[éåÇÉ]

ãÄêç

[åç‡á]

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[ãÄêç]...