Exam 2 Study Guide (Answers) PDF

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Psychology 102 Summer 2016 Review Sheet Exam 2 Review PowerPoints. Launchpad will also be a big help. Note terms in darker print in the text are listed. Chapter 4  Nature vs. Nurture debate – a. Its nature and nurture Genetic and environmental factors affect who we become  Ch4 vocab – be familiar with these terms b. Genes Biochemical units of heredity that make up chromosomes; they provide the code for creating the proteins that form our body’s building blocks c. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes d. Chromosomes – what are they? how many do we have? How do men and women differ regarding chromosomes? Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain genes 46 total; 23 pairs Men are XY; Women are XX e. Environment Every non-genetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us f. Fraternal vs. Identical twins Identical Twins: develop from a single fertilized egg; similar attributes Fraternal Twins: develop from two fertilized egg; like normal siblings g. Twin studies and adoption studies – how we tease apart nature and nurture h. Temperament Person’s characteristics, emotional relativity, and reactivity; apparent from first weeks of life and generally persist into adulthood 3 types: easy, difficult, & slow to warm up i. norms Standards for acceptable, expected behavior j. Epigenetics The study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without DNA change DNA is written in pen; Epigenetics is written in pencil k. Social Norms The rules for how people should act in a given group or society l. Gender Identity Our sense of being male, female, or a combination of the two m.Transgender An umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex

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Evolutionary Psychology a. What is it? What is the focus (parts of natural selection on page 144) The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using the principle of natural selection Natural Selection- the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed to succeeding generations Adaptation is also a part of evolutionary psychology b. Who is the main person associated with evolutionary psych Charles Darwin c. How do women and men differ regarding mate selection (i.e. men look for youth and physical characteristics, women look for loyalty, affluence, stability) Men pair widely; Women pair wisely Men choose to optimize the chance of producing offspring Women choose to ensure offspring will survive Rat Park study a. What did this study teach us about the role of environment? Rats in the enriched environment developed significantly more cerebral cortex than the isolated rat Environment influences us just as much as genetics Culture a. Individualist vs. Collectivist – how do they differ? What does each value? Individualist Culture- promote personal ideals, strengths, and goals, pursued in competition with others, leading to individual achievement and finding unique identity (value independence) Collectivist Culture- promote group and societal goals and duties, and blending in with group identity, with achievement attributed to mutual support (value interdependence) b. Role of parents and peers on development of personality and traits. The largest parenting influence effects occur at the extremes: abuse and neglect Interaction with peers can teach new social skills Kids seek out peers like themselves (selection effect) Parents and peers are complementary of one another c. Physical vs. relational aggression – who is more likely to commit each and what is the difference between each type Physical Aggression- any act intended to harm someone physically or emotionally (Men) Relational Aggression- act of aggression- physical or verbal-intended to harm a person’s relationship or social standing (Women) Gender a. Difference in chromosomes in men and women Men XY Women XX

b. Difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics Primary Sex Characteristics- body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible Secondary Sex Characteristics- Non-reproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality and body hair c. Gender identity vs. sexual orientation how are they different? Gender Identity- who you are, how “male” or “female” you feel Sexual Orientation- who you love (gay, straight, bisexual) Chapter 5  What are developmental psychology’s major issues? (know the definition of developmental psych) Developmental Psychology- a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span Nature and Nurture Continuity and Stages Stability and Change  Know the stages of prenatal development and what can occur during that time 1. Zygote The fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo 2. Embryo The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month Spine, arms, legs, hands, and feet 3. Fetus The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth About 3 ounces and can fit in the palm of a hand  Be able to define what a teratogen is. Be able to explain Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) Teratogen- agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development that can cause harm Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)- Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by pregnant woman’s heavy drinking  Be able to explain what physical development during infancy 1. Brain maturation Birth- Neuronal growth spurt and synaptic pruning 3-6 Months- Rapid frontal lobe growth and continue growth into adolescence and beyond Early Childhood- Critical period for some skills (Language and Vision) Throughout Life- Learning changes brain tissue 2. Memory Infants are capable of learning and remembering May reflect conscious memory (Infantile Amnesia) Earliest conscious memory around the 3rd birthday  How did Piaget conceptualize children? Children’s maturing brains build schemas which are used and adjusted through assimilation and accommodation Children are active thinkers

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Understand and be familiar with each of Piaget’s stages of development. What happens during each stage? 1. Sensorimotor The stage during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities 2. Preoperational The stage during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic 3. Concrete Operational The stage of cognitive development during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events 4. Formal Operational The stage of cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts Be able to define conservation The principles that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects Understand schema, assimilation, and accommodation Schema- A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information Assimilation- Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas Accommodation- Adapting our current understanding (schemas) to incorporate new information What is stranger anxiety? The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age What did Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation study teach us about infant attachment? Their type of attachment reflects: their individual temperament & responsiveness of their parents Have an understanding of Autism Spectrum Disorder – lack theory of mind and difficulty understanding the meaning of facial expressions and social cues A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors Be able to define the types of attachment 1. Secure attachment In their mother’s presence, they play comfortably, happily exploring their new environment 2. Insecure attachment Infants avoid attachment or show insecure attachment Be able to define self-concept All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?” Be able to define parenting styles 1. Authoritarian

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Parents are coercive; they impose rules and expect obedience 2. Permissive Parents are un-restraining; they make few demands and use little punishment 3. Authoritative Parents are confrontive; they are both demanding and responsive. They exert control by setting rules, but especially with older children, encourage open discussion Be able to explain what occurs during adolescent physical development Girls- Breasts develop, pubic & underarm hair growth, and beginning of menstruation Boys- Facial & underarm & pubic hair growth, larynx enlargement, penis & testes growth, and beginning ejaculation Be able to explain adolescent cognitive development Developing reasoning power: Develop new abstract thinking tools (Piaget) Developing moral reason: Use moral reasoning that develops in universal sequence to guide moral action (Kohlberg) Be familiar with Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Thinking 1. Preconventional Morality Self-Interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain rewards 2. Conventional Morality Uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order 3. Postconventional Morality Actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles What is significant during adolescent social development? Identity vs. Role Confusion Be familiar with what significant changes occur in adulthood (physical and cognitive) Muscular strength, reaction time, sensory keenness, and cardiac output peak Be familiar with Alzheimer’s Disease Acquired disorders marked by cognitive details Results in the erosion of mental abilities that is not typical of normal aging Marked by neural plagues and tangles; progressive memory decline...