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Legal System - Amy BenjaminRead before the week in which they will be discussed the nextEnsure to take notes, don’t sit and listenNotes of readings that are givenNature/categories of lawLaw is legal norms, rules of conductIf a law maker disregards the moral sentiment of the community, may run int...

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Le g a lSy s t e m -AmyBe nj a mi n   

Re a dbe f or et h ewe e ki nwh i c ht he ywi l lb ed i s c us s e dt h en e x t En s u r et ot a k eno t e s ,d o n ’ ts i ta n dl i s t e n No t e so fr e a d i n g st h a ta r eg i v e n

Na t ur e / c a t e g o r i e so fl a w La wi sl e g a l no r ms , r u l e so fc o n d uc t I fal a wma k e rd i s r e g a r d st h emo r a ls e n t i me n to ft h ec o mmun i t y ,ma yr uni nt ot r ou b l e . Rul e so fEt i que t t e( manne r s ) 

Ca nb eb r ok e nwi t h ou ts e r i ou sc o ns e q u e nc e , e x e r c i s i n gy ou ro wnj ud g e me n tt ob r e a ko u to fi t( i n v i s i b l eb o x ;s o f t ,h a r de t c . ) Mo r a lr ul e s( ki l l i n g ,a s s a u l t i n g ,r o b b e r y , r a pe , l y i n ge t c . )mos t d on ’ to u t gr o wmo r a l r u l e s , l i f e l o n go b e d i e nc ei sr e q ui r e d .Re a s o n a b l epe o p l eus u a l l yc a n ’ t d i s a g r e ea b o ut t h ec o n t e n to fmo r a lr u l e s . Ho wpe o p l ev i e wt hemo r a l n or m,h o wo t h e r sa c ta g a i ns t a ni mmo r a l n or m.

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Wh yd o n ’ twea c ti mmor a l l y ?Th e r e ’ sd i v i n es a n c t i on . Na t ur a l l a wa r g u me n tf o ri mmo r a l l y ;Ru l e sofb e h a v i ou rt h a tc o nd u c et h ewe l l b e i n gt oagr ou p . Ne e dt oh on o urt h ei n t e g r i t yo fe a c hi n di v i du a lb e i n g . Di v i d emo r a ln or mst ot h os ea r o un du s . S e c u l a ra r gu me n t . Fo re x a mp l e ;r u l e sa g a i n s ta d ul t e r y , u s e dt ob ea na c t i o n a bl el a w. I ft h ewi f ec he a t e do nh e rs p o u s ewi t ha n o t h e rma n , h eha st h er i g ht t ofil eal a ws u i t a g a i ns t h e r , t hec u c k o l d e ds p o us ea g a i ns t t hema nwhoc h e a t e dwi t hh i swi f e . Fo rt h ei n di v i du a l , i t ’ st hewa yt he yv i e wt h es t r e n gt ho ft h emo r a ln or m.I t ’ ss t r o n g e rt h a nc on v i c t i o n Le g a lRul e so r“TheLa w”

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La wn e e dst ob ep ub l i c , n o ti n f o r ma l .Sho u l db ei nwr i t i n g . Ne e d st ob epu b l i c i s e di nwr i t i n gi na d v a n c eo ft h ec on d u c ti tr e g ul a t e s . Wh y ?Nono t i c et o t h epu b l i c . Ne e dah i e r a r c h y . Mo r a lno r msa l wa y sb a c kb ys a nc t i o n . Le g a lRul e s , c o nt ’ d

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La wh a sap u r p o s e , r a t he rt h a ne n f or c e a bl er u l e s . Ly i n gi nac ou r t o fl a w, p e r j u r y . Br oa d e rt h a nmo r a l i t y . La wo fc on t r a c t i sa b o u ta g r e e me n t s ,c o mp e n s a t i onwh e nk e pt . No t hi n gt od owi t hha r d c o r e r u l e s . La wo ft o r t s , a d j u s tc o n s e q u e n c e s . Di ffe r e n t a r e a so fl a wt oma xi mi s ee ffic i e n c y , e n c o ur a gi n gc oo r d i n a t i o nf orp e op l ei nd a i l yl i f e . La wi sh a r d e rno r mb uts e e mi mpo r t a n ti nap h i l os o p hi c a ls e n s et h a ti sl e s sl i k e l yt ob eq u e s t i o ne d . Fi r s t or d e rr ul e s ,i mpa c t so nb e h a v i ou r , y o u re x p e c t e dc on d u c ti ns o c i e t y Se c o ndo r d e rr ul e s , ho wi to r i g i na t e d , t hec o n fli c ta bo u ti t , e x e r c i s eo fp o we r I nt e r pl a yBe t we e nLe g a la ndMo r a lRul e s

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Pe o p l ec a nl e g i s l a t ea n y t h i n g ,a sal a wma k e ry o uma yr uni nt ot r ou b l e . Pe o p l ewh oma k el a wsma yi g n or ep u b l i cs e n t i me n t . La wi st oma k ep e o p l e b e t t e ri na no b j e c t i v es e n s e , ma k i n gal a wi nf r on t ofc i t i z e n sa ndt h e ya r ee x p e c t e dt of o l l o wt h e" c o r r e c t "wa y . Ex a mpl e#1 : Due l l i n g( p i s t o l sa td a wn )–a nt ij u s t i c e . Se t t l i n gdi s p ut e s . Mon a r c hwh ot r i e dt oc h a n g et h ep r a c t i c et hr ou ghl e g i s l a t i o n ,g o ti n t oal o to f p r o bl e ms . Ne a r l yt o pp l e db ya r i s t oc r a c ya st he yb e l i e v e dt ha t d ue l l i n gwa sag r e a twa yt os e t t l ed i s pu t e s , n o t e nt i r e l ymor a lh o we v e rag o o dp r a c t i c et o c o n t i n ue . I nt od a ywewou l da g r e ewi t hMon a r c h s , e x a mp l eoft h el a wc h a n g eap r a c t i c er oo t e di npu b l i cs e n t i me n t t ha ts ho u l dp r ob a b l yb ec h a n g e d . Ne e d e dt ot r e a dl i gh t l y , e v e nt ua l l yp u s he dt h r ou gha n dwa ss uc c e s s f u l . Ex a mpl e#2 : Ra c i a lI n t e g r a t i o n–So u t he r nl a wss e gr e g a t e ds c h o ol sba s e donr a c e , i twa su n c o n s t i t u t i o na l . So ut he r nUSs t a t e st ho u g h tAf r i c a nAme r i c a n a n dCa u c a s i a n st o g e t h e rwe r ei mmo r a l . Pr e s i d e n tEi s e n ho we rn e e d e da na r myt op us ht h el a wi n t oSo ut he r ns t a t e s . Ra c i a ls e g r e g a t i oni smo r a l l ywr on g . Li t t l eRo c kNi n e . Ex a mpl e#3 : Do gpo o p–l a wr e q ui r e dt opi c kupd o gp oo p . Wh e nl a wg oe sa g a i ns t p ub l i cs e n t i me n ta n dt r i e st od e gr a d et h epu b l i c . Ex a mpl e#4 : Na z iGe r ma n y–c od i fie ddi ffe r e n c e sb e t we e nh uma nb e i n g sd e pe n d i n gont h eJ e wi s hb l o o dt h e yh a di nt he m. Od i o usl a ws .Ge r ma n yi n s o c i e t ya tt h et i meop p o s e dt h e m,a ne x a mp l eo ft hel a wi nwhi c hpu l l e ds o c i e t ydo wni n t ob a db e h a v i ou r . Pu l l e dr e g i mei n t odi s t r i bu t e . Mor a l s e n t i me n t o fs i g n i fic a n ts e c t i o noft h eGe r ma np o p ul a t i o n . Sh o ul dt h el a we n f o r c ea l ls t r o n g l yhe l dmor a l no r ms ?Al l i n s t a n c e so fl i n e , s ho u l dt he yb et h es u b j e c to ft h el a w?Th e r ea r es omef o r mso fl i n et ha t c a nd o al o to fh a r ma sh u ma nb e i n g s . Ca met oap o i n twh e r el e g i s l a t or sa n dc i t i z e nst h o u g ht t ha t v a l uee v e nmor ei mp or t a n t t ha nt r u t ht e l l i n gi na r e l a t i o ns h i p . La w/ Mo r al i t yI nt e r pl a y , c o nt ' d

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Wh a t ’ smor ei mp or t a nt t h a nas t a b i l i t yo fama r r i a g e , l e t t i n gp e o pl eh a v et h ef r e e d omwi t ho u tl e g a l c o ns e q u e nc eo fwhot h e y ' r eg o i n gt obewi t h . Au t o no my . I nd i v i du a ls e l f d e t e r mi n a t i o n . Ex a mpl e , de f e nd a n ti nac r i mi n a lt r i a lh a st h er i g ht t or e ma i ns i l e n t . Pr i v i l e g ea g a i ns t s e l f i n c r i mi n a t i o n . Tot hee xt e nt i fd e f e n d a n ti sgu i l t y , i fh es a y s n o t h i n gy o uc a nu s et ha t t ob eas e n s eo ff o r ma ll i n e . I n n oc e n tu n t i l pr o v e ng ui l t y . Wh ys ho u l dt h ede f e n d a nt k e e pq u i e t ?Ha v et h es e n s et of or c eap e r s o n t oi n c r i mi n a t et h e ms e l v e st ha t s ome h o wun d e r mi n e st he i rd i g n i t y , f o r c e st he mt ot u r nt h e ms e l v e si n . Wed on ' t e n f or c ea l lmor a ll a ws . Sa mes e xma r r i a g ewa si mmo r a lt o wa r dss o c i e t y . La ws a y st h a ti td e p e n d sonv a l u ei mp or t a n c e , s e l f d e t e r mi n a t i o n . Ca t e g o r i e so fLa w

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Pu bl i ca ndp r i v a t el a w. Pu b l i c–o n es i d eof t h ei s s ueo rdi s pu t e , a g e n c yord e pa r t me nt . Exa mpl e

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Con s t i t ut i o na l ( Mo s t l yc omp r i s e do fs e c on dor d e rr u l e s . Ho wr u l e swe r ec r e a t e da n df o r c e d , a d j ud i c a t e d, a me n d e d . I n v o l v e st h es t a t e , t h eCr o wn , e x e c u t i v e , pr i memi ni s t e ra n dc a b i n e t , Pa r l i a me n t .Mo s tp ub l i cl a w)

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Cr i mi n a l( Al wa y sCr o wna g a i ns t de f e nd a n t , Cr o wnp r o s e c u t e se v e nwh e nd e f e nd a n td oe s n ’ twa n t t o , r a p ec a s e s ,Cr o wnc a ns ub p o e n at h ewo ma nt o t e s t i f y . ) Re g u l a t or y( Re g u l a t o r swr i t i n gt h er u l e s . Re v e nu e ,En v i r o nme nt a l , Ed u c a t i on . NCEA, s c ho o l s , wr i t t e nb yoffic e r so ft h es t a t e , pu b l i ca g e n c yvi n di c a t e p u bl i ci n t e r e s t , i n t e r e s tt ohe l pt h ee n v i r o nme nt ,ma k i n gs u r ey o u n gpe o p l ea r eg i v e napr e t e r t i a r ye d uc a t i o n ) Admi ni s t r a t i v e( Go v e r n me nt o no n es i d e , I NZ, we l f a r e , l i c e ns i n ga ut ho r i t i e s , i fy o un e e ds ome t h i n g , i n t e r a c t wi t ht h eb ur e a u c r a t , t h es t a t ea pp a r a t ust o g e t i t . Th e ywi l lf ol l o wa n ds a t i s f y . St a t eofo n es i d e , i n di vi d ua l ont h eo t h e r . ) Pr i v a t e–I n v ol v i n gpr i v at ei n di v i du a l sorb u s i n e s s e s Exa mpl e

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La n da n dPr o p e r t y–Own e r s hi p ;a l i e n a t i o n, c on t r o lwh oha sa c c e s s , y o upo s s e s si t ,r i gh t ofe x c l u s i o nu n l e s st h epe r s o nh a ss u p e r i o ro wn e r s h i p . Ap a r t me nt y o uc a nr e n t , r i g h to fu s ef oraf e e .Ea s e me n t ,f o r mo fus e . Ho l di n gpr op e r t yi nt r u s t . Ho l d i n gp r op e r t yi nab a i l me n ts i t u a t i o n , gi v i n gs o me o n e y ou rc o a tt oh ol df o rac e r t a i na mo u nt o ft i mei ne x c h a n g ef orat i c k e t ,t h e ymu s tg i v ei t ba c k . Con t r a c t / Un j u s tEn r i c h me n t / Re s t i t u t i o n-La wa b o u ta gr e e me nt s . Ho wd owekn o wwh e npe o p l eh a v ea gr e e d ,a r ec e r t a i na gr e e me n t sa l l o wa b l e ? De p e nd swh a tj u r i s di c t i o ny o u ' r ei nwh e nma ki n ga na g r e e me n t ,v e r b a l l yorp h y s i c a l l yi nwr i t i n g , n e e dt os e ea ne x c h a n g ef o ri tt ob ee n f or c e a b l e .No a g r e e me n t , l a wwi l l a c t a si ft h e r ewa sa na gr e e me n t ;u n j u s te n r i c hme n t , r e s t i t u t i o n .I fs ome o n emi s t a k e n l ys e n d smo n e yt oab a n ka c c ou n t , mus t s e n dt h e mo ne yb a c kb yl a w. To r t–a c c i d e n t s . I n t e n t i o na l t o r t swh e ny ouh u r ts o me o n ei n t e nt i o na l l y . No t al o tt h a ts e p a r a t e si n t e nt i o n a l t o r t a n dc r i me .To r ti n v ol v e sa c c i de n t sn o t i nt e nt i o na l a c t o fh a r m.Me n sr e a( t h ei n t e nt i o no rkn o wl e d g eo fwr on g d o i n gt h a tc on s t i t ut e spa r to fac r i me , a so p po s e dt ot h ea c t i o no rc o nd u c to ft h e a c c u s e d ) Ne gl i g e n c e , s h o wi n gl a c kofc a r e . Me e rn e g l i g e n c e–e gr e g i ou sn e g l i g e n c ei sc on s i d e r e dr e c k l e s s n e s s . St r i c tl i a bi l i t y , n of a u l t , r e c kl e s s ne s s , d e f e nd a n t d i d n ' td oa n y t hi n gh o we v e ra c c i d e n t so c c u r , whop a y s ?Su p e rha z a r d ou sa c t i v i t yi ni n du s t r i e s , a mmu ni t i o npl a nt sbl o wi n gup . I n d us t r ywi l lpa yf o r d a ma g e s . Fa mi l y–Ma r r i a g e , d i v o r c e , c u s t o d y , s p o us a l pr o t e c t i o n ,e t c . Ho wt oa r r a n g ea ffa i r s . Pr o vi d e sma c h i n e r yofr ul e st oo r g a ni s ea ffa i r s . I nt e r na t i o nal La w:Bo t hPubl i ca ndPr i v a t eAs pe c t s Pu b l i ci n t e r n a t i o n all a w

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Ma i nc i t i z e n so ft h ei n t e r n a t i o n a ls oc i e t y , e . g . n a t i ons t a t e si sp ub l i ca n dp r i v a t el a w. Tr i e s ,c o v e n a nt s , e t c . I n t e r n a t i o n a l c o ur to fj u s t i c e . Pr i v a t ei n t e r n a t i on a ll a w

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He l ps t r u c t u r er e l a t i on s h i p , dob us i ne s sb e t we e ne a c ho t he r .Wh a t ne e d st ob ed e c i d e d ?Ch oi c eofl a w, c h o i c eo ff o r u m, t y p eoff o r u m. Ar bi t r a t i o nv j ud i c i a l . ANor ma lSt r e e tCo r ne r Le g a li s s u e so fan o r ma ls t r e e tc o r n e ri nNY

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Fa l s ea d v e r t i s i n g Li c e n s i n gt os e l lp r o du c t s Con t r a c tl a wsf ore mp l o y e e s Pr o pe r t yl a w, d i ffe r e n t pr op e r t ye n t r a n c e , o wn e rma yo wnt h es h o ph o we v e rno t t h eb u i l di n g Zo n i n gl a ws Pu bl i cl a w, r e s p o ns i bi l i t i e sf orc l e a r i n gt h es n o wo nt h es i d e wa l k To r ti s s ue s I mp l i e da gr e e me n t Na t ur a l l a wr e p r e s e nt smo r a lr u l e s , do e s n ’ tt a l ka b o u tGo d, na t ur eofh u ma nb e i n g s Wo u l dar u l ec o nt r i bu t et oahu ma nc o mmu n i t y ?Wo u l di tc o n du c et ohu ma nflo ur i s hi n gt oac o mmu ni t y ? Ex a mpl e ;r a c i a ls l a v e r y , ma j o r i t yo fwh i t e s , mi no r i t yofb l a c k s . Re s p e c t i n gi n d i vi d u a l r i g h t s , mo r a lno r mt h a tn a t u r a l l a wy e r st h i n kt ha t t h e yc a ni d e n t i f y t h ena t ur eofh u ma nb e i n g s . Di v i n el a wa r emo r a lr u l e st h a ta r ed e e me da n dgi v e nb yad i vi n el a wgi v e r . Tue s da y6thMa r c h2 01 8 “ Ape r s onwh oc o nc l u de sac o mme r c i a lt r a ns a c t i o ni ng o odf a i t hs h a l ln o tb ep e n a l i s e da t l a wf o rmi s t a k e nj u d gme nt ” Fr e nc hT or tLa w-“ An ya c t o fap e r s o nt ha t c a u s e si n j u r yt oa n o t h e ro b l i g a t e st h ep e r s ont h r ou ghwh o s ef a u l tt h ei n j ur yo c c u r r e dt ogi v er e dr e s s( pa y d a ma g e s ) Wh a tma k e sl a wdi ffe r e n t ? Re l i g i o usLa w–Go di st h el a wgi v e r , a n dt h el a wi s“ r e v e l a t i o n” , a si ti s“ r e v e a l e d ”t oma nb yGo d Re v e l a t i o nl a wc ome sf r omt h ewo r dr e v e a l e d , Godr e v e a l e dt h el a wt ohu ma ni t y ,e . g . J u d a i s m –Mo s e s , I s l a m–Mo h a mma d La wi sa l wa y sj u s ta n dg oo d , e . g . b a dhu ma nl a w, wh e ns l a v e r ywa sal a wa tt h et i mei nAme r i c a La wi sc on c e r n e dwi t hma x i ma l i s tg o a l s , d oe s n ’ ta i mf o rt h emi ni mu m,a i msf ort h ema x i mum, ma k e sp e o p l ec o mei nt oba l a n c ea n dc o mei n t oar i g h t r e l a t i o n s h i pwi t hGod I nr e l i g i o u sl a w, e mp ha s i so ndu t i e st od og oo di n s t e a do fa c t sofh a r mt or e f r a i nf r om Ob l i g a t i o ns , f o re x a mp l et hen e e dt oh e l po t h e r st h ou gha c t so fc h a r i t y , t ob e c omeag o o ds p i r i t u a lwe l l b e i n g

Re l i g i o usLa w-We a kne s s e s I d e nt i fic a t i o np r o bl e m,p r o bl e mo fi d e nt i f yi n gas t a t ut e , Go dma k e shi sr e v e l a t i onh o we v e rh uma nbe i n g sa r efig h t i n go v e rt hec o n t e n to fr e v e l a t i on . Ma n y d i s a g r e e me nt sa n ds e v e r ed i v i s i o n s , e . g . J ud a i s m, o r t ho d o xa n dc on s e r v a t i v eJ e wse t c . Re l i g i o usl a ws“ r u n sou t ”-Soc i e t yu s e dt ob ef a rd i ffe r e n t ,a l mo s tf u l l ya g r i c u l t u r a l ,e n g a g e di nt hi n g ss uc ha sa n i ma ls a c r i fic e s , v e r yd i ffe r e n t r h y t h msa nd n o r msi nc ompa r i s ont ot o da y ’ ss o c i e t y . J u da i s mr e a s onb ya n a l o g y ,I nJ e wi s hl a ws a y st h a tonSa b b a t hd a y , y o ua r en o ta l l o we dt os t a r tafir ef o ra n yp u r p os e , i nBr o ok l yn , r a b bi s a y sy o uc a n n o t s t a r t afir eh o we v e ry o uc a nd r a wawa t e rf r omawe l l . Effo r tt or e a s o nb ya n a l o g yt ot a k et h ep r i n c i p l eb yi s s ue . I mpo r tr u l e sf r omo t h e rl e g a l j u r i s d i c t i o n s , s o meI s l a mi cc ou n t r i e swh e r es o meI s l a mi cl a wsa r et hi n , us eWe s t e r nl a wst or e g u l a t et he i re c o n o mi cl i f e , bo r r o wa n ds u p pl e me n t . I n c ompl e t e n e s sp r o b l e mi nh u ma nma d el a w, wh y ?No tc l e a rp r e c e d e n t ,n o tac l e a ra n s we r . Ca n no t f or e s e ee v e r yp o s s i b l es i t u a t i o nt h a ti tc a nr e g ul a t e . Ga p sa r emi ni ma l i s t i c . I n j us t i c epr ob l e m-t h i n g st h e yd i db a c kt h e nma yn o ts e e mg oo d , j u s ta ndmor a l t ous . So c i e t ys e e mst oh a v ee v o l v e da wa yf r o mt hemor a lc o nc l u s i o ns . Ru l e st ha t d r i v ea wa yf r o mr e l i g i o u sn o r ms . Mor a l s e n t i me n t sc h a n g e , i nt e r p r e t a t i o nso ft h er e v e l a t i on . Re l i g i o usr e v e l a t i o ns , s e r v e sa st hec o r ebu t i sno tt h ef u l ll a w. Cus t omar yl a wofi ndi g e nouspe o pl e Ex a mpl e :Ti k a n g aMa o r i ,Ma o r i wa yofd o i n g st h i n g si nt her i gh t orc o r r e c t wa y 

Ti k a : “ r i gh to r“ c o r r e c t ” As p i r a t i ona n dg o a l sofl a wl i k eTi k a n g aMa or ia r eq ui t eb i g Ai mi s n ’ tt ok e e ppe o p l ef r omh a r mi n gt h e ms e l v e s , i ti st of os t e rahe a l t h ywe l l b a l a n c e d, i n t e g r a t e d, h u ma nc o mmun i t ywh e r ep e op l ea r ea s k e dt obr i n g t h e ms e l v e si n t or i g h tr e l a t i o n s h i p swi t hpe o p l ea r ou n dt h e mi . e . a n c e s t or s , n e i gh b ou r s , e a r t h .I n s ur i n ga n de n c o ur a gi n gb e ha vi o uri nt oaflo u r i s h e d c o mmu ni t y . Ho l i s t i che a l t hi n t oc ommun i t y . No ta c c u r a t et oc a l l t hi sl a wi nt h eEn g l i s hs e ns e , r e c o gn i s e di nt h es e n s eo fwh a t i sr i g h ta ndp r o p e r .Ex a mpl e : a t aMa r a e ,wh a t y o u ’ r es up p os e dt od o , i st h eTi ka n g aMa o r i , no t t h el a w. Ti k a n g aMa o r i t o wa r d sc r i mei sno t ne c e s s a r i l yt op un i s h , i ti st oh e a l , r e s t o r e , r e c o n c i l e .Th eg o a li st os t i t c ht h ewo u nd sb a c kt o g e t he r , b r i n gt h eo ffe n d e ri na n dt a l kwi t ht h evi c t i m, t or e s t o r et hec o mmu ni t y . ADR–Al t e r n a t i v eDi s p ut eRe s o l u t i o n. Wa y sl i k eme d i a t i o n ,wh e r et wop a r t i e swi t ht h eh e l po fame di a t o rt oa r r i v ea t ac o ns e n s u s . Wed o n ’ t l i v ei ns ma l l vi l l a g e sa n ymo r e , a t o mi s e di ns o c i e t ya n dl i v ea mo n g s t s t r a n g e r s . Di ffe r e n t mo d e lo fho l i s t i cl a w, j u s t i c ewi t hi nac o mmun i t y . We s t e r ns e c u l a rl a wi sv e r yc on c e r n e dwi t ht h er e s o l u t i o n,o f t e nhi g hi n v o l u nt a r ybe t we e np e op l ea nds t r a n g e r so ft h e i rdi s p ut e so ft he i rr e s o l u t i o n. We s t e r nLa w Mi ni ma l i s t i cpu r po s e s . T wov e r s i on s

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Ci vi lLa wt r a di t i o n( 1 5 0c ou n t r i e s ) , c ome sou to fAn c i e n tRo me Commo nLa wTr a di t i o n( 80c o un t r i e s )i nEn g l a n d, i t sf or me rc o l o n i e s( Co mmo nwe a l t h ;U. S,Ca na d a , Au s t r a l i a , Ne wZe a l a n d, I n d i a )a n da s s o r t e d o t h e r st h a th a v eb e e ni nflu e nc e db yt h eAn g l o Ame r i c a nt r a d i t i o n. J u s t i n i a n ’ sCod e( c i r c a60 0A. D) An c i e n tRo ma nLa w>La wo fLa t eMe di e v a lEu r o p e t h Ce n t u r y , n e bu l ou sa ndu nc l e a r . Go tt h e i rh a n d sonas e t “ Re Di s c o v e r ”( t h eJ usCi vi l e , br ou gh t o v e rf r o mByz a n t i u m)o fRo ma nl a wi nt h eWe s ti nt h e1 1 o fbo o k st ha t h a de v e r yl a wofe v e r ya s p e c to fpe o p l ea nds o c i e t yf r omRo meb r ou gh t t ot h eWe s t . Sc h ol a r si nun i v e r s i t ywe r eb r i n g i n gi tu pt od a t ei n t e r mso fwe s t e r na r e a s , r e wr i t i n g , r e c l a s s i f yi n g , wh a ti ss oc i a l l yg o od , i fi tma k e ss e n s ef r oma ne c on o mi cp e r s p e c t i v e , i n du c i n gg oo dc o or di na t i o nbe t we e n t h ev a r i o use s t a t e si nt h es o c i e t y . Ej e c t s o mep r i nc i pl e st ha tt h e yl e a r nt f r omCh u r c hl a w. Tr y i n gt or e c on c i l ei twi t hc a n o nl a w( l a wo ft h er oma nc a t ho l i c c h u r c h , mo s ti mp o r t a n ti n s t i t u t i o ni nWe s t e r nEu r op ea tt h et i me ) , s p e n tac o up l ec e n t u r i e st r y i n gt or e o r d e rt heJ u sCi v i l e . On l yt o okp l a c ei nt h e u n i v e r s i t y . We s t e r ns o c i e t yi ss t i l lr e g u l a t e db yl o c a ll a w. Th i sbo d yo fl a w, r e s t e do nc l a s s i fic a t i o nofr u l e s , s e t so fr u l e st ha t g o v e r nma n ya s p e c t so fl i f e , e . g . p r o pe r t y , c om...