Lesson 1 GRQs Exploring Life and Process of Science PDF

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Lesson 1 GRQ's answers and questions for Biology 101....

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BIOL 101: Guided Reading Questions (GRQs) Purpose: These Guided Reading Questions (GRQs) are designed to help you identify the key concepts in each reading assignment and provide you with a structure to take notes and check your understanding. Learning biology requires your time and attention. Before each class you will be asked to read from your textbook and answer questions online (Modified Mastering Biology) to assess how well you understand concepts before coming to lecture. These GRQs will help you prepared in a comprehensive and efficient manner. How to answer the GRQs: Research shows that highlighting text and re-outlining the textbook in your notes is not an effective way to learn. You may choose to answer GRQs as you read or you may choose to answer these questions after you read an assigned section. Do not wait until right before an exam to answer GRQs, but do use the completed GRQs as a study guide for the exam(s). GRQs – why bother? Learning requires repeated interaction with the concepts you are trying to master. These GRQs are designed to give you a structure to study a little bit of biology every day instead of cramming everything in at the last minute (research shows this strategy increases the likelihood of success!). There is a strong relationship between how much you invest (time and attention) in this class and your academic performance.

SOME USEFUL WORD ROOTS FOR BIOLOGY: As we go through the semester, can you put some words we use next to these word roots? If you think of any I am missing, let me know! “di” or “dy”– two “bi” – two “-ose” – sugar “-ase”- enzyme “poly” – many “mono” one “eu” –true “kary” – kernel (nucleus) “pro”- before “-phobic” - fearing “-philic” – loving “endo” - within “ex” –out “lysis” break apart “pseudo” – false “pod”, “podia” – feet “cephalo” head “hypo” – low “hyper” –high, excessive

“allo” – other “glyco-” sugar “an” – without “aero” – air (oxygen) “oxy” -oxygen “hemi” half “homo” – same “hetero” different “pheno”- show or see “photo”- light “auto” – self “troph”- feed “hydro” water “morph” – form or structure “co”- together “intra” within “inter” between “de”- remove

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Guided Reading Q’s (GRQs)- Do these before the Mastering Assignment.

Exploring Life and the Process of Science (Read Chapter 1) Reading objectives (you can use these statements later to study in a more open-ended way.)  Define the properties of life  Describe the components of hypothesis-driven science, including controlled and observational studies.  Explain and give examples of the major themes in biology such as: evolution, flow of information, structure and function, transformation of matter and energy, interactions within and between systems

Q1. How would you know if something was alive? (Why is a rock not alive?) What are the characteristics that define all life? In order to tell if something is alive you would go through the checklist of the properties of life: order, reproduction, growth and development, response to the environment, energy processing, regulating, and evolutionary adaptation. A rock is not alive because it does not follow these properties of life.

What is the smallest unit of life? Cells are the smallest unit of life. Of note, most biologists do not think viruses are “alive” because they cannot grow, process energy, and regulate. But within a host, like you, they can replicate and evolve…so they are a grey area. If you are interested in this, do some google searches on “are viruses alive?” and see some of the debate.

Q2. Arrange these words in a correct order: community, cell, organism, organ system, biosphere, molecule, tissue, organelle, population, organ, ecosystem Biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism, organs and organ system, tissue, cell, organelle, molecule

Consider the individual properties and uses for a bucket, a piece of rope, or a wheel. What happens when you put them together in a system, does a larger function emerge? Yes by themselves the three things do nothing but by putting them together you can effectively make a function for a well or like a pulley.

Similarly, individual tissues can have specific functions, but when put together with other tissue types in certain configurations in organs, new functions arise. This concept is known in biology as ORGAN SYSTEMS.

Q3. Review the terms below and define any you need to brush up on: Quantitative Data: Data that involves high in numbers but can be low in quality Qualitative Data: Data that involves high quality work and can involve low numbers

Hypothesis: An educated predicted statement that is provable or falsifiable

Experiment: a scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact

Q4. How do we prove a hypothesis is true? By running an experiment you can prove a hypothesis true. How is a theory different from a hypothesis? A theory involves heavy evidence already backing up a claim or hypothesis and a hypothesis is a educated guess on a topic that someone is able to experiment on. Q5. How is science different from other ways of describing and explaining nature, such as philosophy and religion? “the scientific view of the world is based on…(fill in rest of this statement from section 1.4) The scientific view of the world is based on hypothesis testing and verifiable evidence.

Q6. What is the main requirement for a scientific hypothesis? It must generate predictions that can be tested by experiments or gathering further observations. (Note, this is the end of module question from 1.4—these are also very useful review quiz-like questions during reading and studying). Q7. Module 1.5 shows us the process of science with a controlled experiment. What hypothesis is being tested in this experiment? “if camouflage coloration protects mice from predators, then mice that matched their environment would be preyed on less frequently than mice with coloration that did not match their habitats” Define these terms: Independent variable: A variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the researchers Dependent variable: The measure used to judge the outcome of the experiment

Controlled experiment: an experimental group is compared with a control group In an ideal controlled experiment, what differs between the control and experimental group? These groups ideally differ only in the one variable the experiment is designed to test.

Q8. What was the “if…. then” prediction statement made by the scientists about the beach mouse? “if camouflage coloration protects mice from predators, then mice that matched their environment would be preyed on less frequently than mice with coloration that did not match their habitats” Describe the control group: The models resembling the native mice in each habitat Describe the experimental group: The mice with the non-native coloration

Describe the results and conclusion: The noncamouflaged models had a much higher percentage of predation attacks in both habitats

Q9. Identify the independent and the dependent variables in this beach mouse experiment. The independent variable is the nature environment and the dependent variable is the mouse itself. (Note: this is an orange “TRY THIS” active thinking question associated with figures in the textbook. These make great quiz-like review questions in your reading and studying).

Q10. True or False? (Explain) A controlled experiment must take place in a laboratory environment. False because you can use real nature as a controlled experiment. Q11. We’ll be looking at experiments in humans throughout the semester too, so let’s define some terms associated with human studies: 

clinical trials: controlled experiments involving humans

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random assignment: subjects are usually randomly assigned to control and experimental groups

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double-blind trial: neither the researchers nor the subjects know who is in which group

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placebo: a treatment that doesn’t contain the substance being studied.

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retrospective observational study: researchers may interview people, use medical records, or examine death certificates in the attempt to identify factors that led to a specific outcome.

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prospective observational study: researchers enter the picture at the beginning, enrolling a group of participants, called a cohort, and then collecting data from them over a period of time.

What are the limitations of observational studies? A correlation between a factor and an outcome does not necessarily mean that the factor caused the outcome.

Q12. Module 1.6 details how hypotheses can be tested even if a controlled experiment cannot be performed. Explain how observational data led to classification of the red panda: In the case of DNA sequences scientists are not manipulating these sequences instead they are just OBSERVING the differences in sequences between red pandas and pandas or raccoons.

Q13. Figure 1.4 might give you the impression that there is a linear, recipe to follow for science. In fact, most scientific studies are non-linear and require repetition and collaboration. Draw Figure 1.7 below (and explain the components to yourself), as we will be referring to this figure throughout the semester. (Note: Biology requires to do a fair amount of drawing, so use these GRQs as a place to feel more comfortable doing this).

Q1 4 .Th e r ea r efiv euni f y i ngt he me si nbi o l o g yt ha twewi l lr e f e rt ot h r o u g ho u tt hes e me s t e r .Fi v e Uni f y i ngThe me si nBi o l o gy : Th r o u gh o u tt h ec ou r s e ,we ’ l ll o o kf o re x a mp l e soft h e s et h e me s .We ’ l le x pe c to v e r l apt o o —o n et o p i c wea r el e a r n i n ga b o u tma yp r ov i d ee x a mp l e so fa l l / ma n yt h e me s . Si mp l yl i s tt h efiv et he me she r eb e f o r eweg ot h r o u ghe a c hi nmo r ed e pt h : 1.s t r u c t u r ean df u n c t i o no fc e l l s 2. i n t e r a c t i o n sb e t we e no r g an i s ms 3. h o me o s t a s i s 4. r e p r od u c t i o na ndg e n e t i c s 5. e v o l ut i o n

Ev o l ut i o n Li f e ’ suni t y( s uc ha st heDNAa sac ommoni nf or ma t i ona lc ode )a ndl i f e ’ sdi v e r s i t y( s uc h a st henume r ouss ha pe sabi r d’ sbe a kc a nf or m)a r ee xpl a i ne dbye v ol ut i on.Lookf or e vi de nc eofc ommon a nc e s t r ya swe l la se vi de nc ef orho wl i f ec ha n ge sov e rt i me . Evi de nc ee xi s t sa tt hedi ffe r e nthi e r a r c hi c a ll e v e l sofl i f e .

Q1 5 . Theb i r d si nFi g u r e1. 9 Aa r ee a c ha d a p t e dt ot h e i re n v i r o nme n t .Ho w? Th eh u mmi n gb i r dh a sal o n gb e a ki no r d e rt os u c kn e c t a ro u tofflo we r s ,pe n g u i n sh a v ewe b b e df e e t f o rs wi mmi n ga n das l i c ks t o ma c hf o rs l i d i n g ,a n dfla mi n g o sh a v eah o o k e ds h a p e dbe a ki nor d e rt oe a t kr i l l . Fi g u r e1 . 9 Bi sa ne x a mp l eo fwh a t ?De s c r i bet h ep r o c e s s : Na t ur a ls e l e c t i o n , a sp r e d a t o r se l i mi na t ec e r t a i na n i ma l swi t hc e r t a i nt r a i t st hes u r v i v o r sr e p r o du c ea nd b e c o met h emo r ema j o r i t yo ft h es p e c i e si nt h a ta r e a .

Fl o wofI nf o r ma t i o n Onef e t usde v e l opi ngwi t hi nawoma nbe c ome sabo ya nda not he rbe c ome sagi r l .Wha t i nf or ma t i ondi r e c t e dt he s et wi nst ode v e l opdi ffe r e nta na t omy ?Oneoft het wi nsc a r r i e saY c hr omos ome —a ndont ha tc hr omos omei si nf or ma t i onf orma l ede v e l opme nt .Lookf or e xa mpl e sf orho wi nf or ma t i onflo wsi nas y s t e m,s uc ha sho w ge nepr oduc t sf r om t heY c hr omos omec a us ec e r t a i nhor mone st obepr oduc e da ndt e s t e st ode v e l op.I nf or ma t i ona lpa t hwa y sc a na l s o br e a kdo wn,l ookf ore xa mpl e ss uc ha sho w ade f e c ti nma ki ngonepr ot e i nc a nc a us ec y s t i cfibr os i sorhow s pr a yi ngat o xi nonapl a ntl e a fc a us e sc e l lde a t h.

Q1 6 . Wh i c hmo l e c u l e ( s )i nac e l lp r o v i d et h ema s t e ri n s t r u c t i o n sf o rac e l l ’ sf un c t i on ? DNA Wh a ti sg e n ee x p r e s s i o na n dh o wi si tc on n e c t e dt oac e l l ’ si n f or ma t i o np a t h wa y ? Th ec h a i nf o r msas p e c i ficp r o t e i nwi t haun i q u es h a p ea n df u nc t i o n. Ho wi st h eflo wo fg e ne t i ci n f o r ma t i onl i n ke dt oa no r g a n i s m’ si n t e r n a lo re x t e r n a le n v i r o n me n t ?Gi v e a ne x a mp l e .

St r uc t ur eandFunc t i o n I fy oune e de dt owr i t ewor dsonal a r ges t r e e ts i gn,woul dyouus eas ma l li nkpe nora l a r g ema r ke r ?Youwoul dc hoos et hema r ke r , ofc our s e , be c a us et hel a r get i pwoul dbet he be t t e rt oolf orma ki n gl a r g el e t t e r s .Lookf ore xa mpl e swhe r et hes t r uc t ur eofa nor ga ni s m’ sa na t omy ,ac e l l ,a n or g a ne l l e ,oramol e c ul ei sag oodfitf ort hej obi tpe r f or ms ,s uc ha sahummi n gbi r d’ sl ongbe a kf orr e a c hi ng ne c t a ri nt ubul a rflo we r sort hes t r uc t ur eofphos phol i pi dsi nf or mi ngaba r r i e rbe t we e nt hei ns i dea ndout s i deof ac e l l .

Q1 7 . Exp l a i nt h es t r u c t u r ea n df u nc t i o no ft h er e dp a n d a ’ s“ Fa l s et hu mb ” : Th i sf a l s et h u mbi su s e f uli ng r a s p i n go b j e c t s

Wh a tbi o l o g i c a lp r o c e s sr e s u l t si na no r g a ni s m’ ss t r u c t u r e ( s )me e t i n gt he i rf u n c t i o n ?Ex p l a i n . Ev o l u t i o n/ Su r v i v a lo ft hefit t e s t

Tr a ns f o r ma t i o nso fEne r g ya ndMa t t e r Muc hofbi ol ogye xpl a i nsho w bi ol ogi c a lmol e c ul e s( ma t t e r )a r ebui l t ,br oke n,orc yc l e t hr oughas y s t e m.Lookf ore xa mpl e ss uc ha sho wa mi noa c i dsa r ebui l ti nt opr ot e i nsi ny our c e l l sorho wa ni ma l spr oduc eCO2a ndpl a nt si nc or por a t ei nt ot he i rs t r uc t ur e s .Ma t t e rc a nnot bebui l ta ndbr oke ndo wnwi t houte ne r gy ,a ndy ouwi l ls e ema n ye xa mpl e sofe ne r gy c ha n gi n gf or msdur i ngr e a c t i onst ha tc ha ng ema t t e r .Fore xa mpl e ,pl a nt st r a ns f or ml i ght e ne r gyf r omt hes uni nt oc he mi c a le ne r gys t or e di nt hebondsofgl uc os e .

Q1 8 . Ho wd ot h eflo wo fe n e r gya n dma t t e rdi ffe rf r o mo n ea n o t h e r ?

Wh i c hbi o l o g i c a lp r o c e s s e sr e q u i r ee n e r gy ? Wh a tki n do fe n e r gyi sn e e de d ?Bea ss p e c i fica s p o s s i b l e ! Ph o t os y nt h e s i s ,i tr e q u i r e st h es u n ’ sUVr a y si no r d e rt oc r e a t ee n e r gy .

I nt e r ac t i o nsWi t hi na ndBe t we e nSy s t e ms Wh a ti sas y s t e m?Sy s t e msha v ehi e r a r c h y ,s uc ha sho w agr oupofc e l l sma k eupat i s s u e a n dagr oupoft i s s ue sma k eupo r g a nsi ny ourbod y .Ate a c hne wl e v e l ,ane wf u nc t i on e me r g e sa st hepa r t swo r kt o g e t h e r .( Li k et h ewa yabunc ho fme c h a n i c a lpa r t swo n ’ tt a k e y oua n ywhe r eunt i lt he ya r ea s s e mbl e di nt oonec onfig ur a t i onabi k e . )Anot h e rbi o l o gi c a l e xa mpl ewo ul dbeagr o upo fa n t sf o r mi n gap opul a t i o na n dma n ydi ffe r e n tpopul a t i o nsf or mi n gac o mmuni t y . Sy s t e msc a nbe c omeu nba l a nc e d( s u c ha st oomuc hwe i gh tg a i n,hi ghbl oodgl uc o s el e v e l s ,o ra ne xpl os i onof b a c t e r i a lgr o wt hi na ne n vi r o nme nt . )Lo okf ore x a mpl e sofpr oc e s s e st ha tk e e ps y s t e ms -l i key ourc e l l s ,y our b odyore a r t h ’ se c os y s t e ms -i nba l a nc e .

Q1 9 . Wh a ti s“ ab i o l o g i c a ls y s t e m” ?Ho wb i go rs ma l lc a ni tb e ?Gi v ee x a mp l e sa td i ffe r e nts c a l e s . “ c a nr a n g ef r o mt h emo l e c ul a rma c h i ne r yo fac e l lt ot h ef u n c t i o ni n go fa ne c o s y s t e mo rt h ee n t i r e b i o s p h e r e . ”

Lo o ka tfig u r e1 . 1 4–i t ’ sas l o t hi nat r e e !Ho wa r et h ea b i o t i c( n o nl i v i n g)a n db i o t i c( l i v i n g ) c o mp o n e n t sd e p i c t e di nt hi sp i c t u r e( at r o pi c a lf o r e s te c o s y s t e m)i n t e r a c t i n gwi t he a c ho t he r ?Youma y wa ntt ode s c r i b ei nwo r d s , o rc ha l l e ng ey o ur s e l fa n dd r a wad i a gr a mt h a tf u l l ye xp l a i n st h ei nt e r a c t i n g c o mp o n e n t s !

Y ouno w hav eMas t e r i ngBi ol ogya c t i v i t i e sandq ue s t i onst oc omp l e t e .Re me mbe rt hatt hee ndo fc h apt e r q ue s t i ons( p g .17and18)a r eal s oa v a i l abl et oy o unoworwh e ny oua r es t udy i ngi nt hef ut u r e .Th e s emak e e x c e l l e n tr e v i e wqu e s t i ons ,i n c l udi n gt he“Conne c t i n gt heConc e pt s ,“T e s t i n gY ourKn o wl e d g e ”a nd,“ Ap pl y i n g t heConc e p t s ”par t .Che c ky ouri n de pe n de nta ns we r si nt heappe ndi x .( Iam l i k e l yt ol oo kt hr oug ht h ee ndof c hapt e rque s t i onsasapl ac ef ori de aswhe nIa mwr i t i n ge x amque s t i ons ) ....