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RIZAL LAWRepublic Act No. 1425House Bill No. 5561Senate Bill No. 438An Act to Include in the Curricula of All Public and Private Schools, Colleges and Universities courses on the Life Works and Writings of JOSE RIZAL, particularly his novels NOLI ME TANGERE and EL FILIBUSTERISMO, Authorizing the Pri...

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RIZAL LAW Republic Act No. 1425 House Bill No. 5561 Senate Bill No. 438 An Act to Include in the Curricula of All Public and Private Schools, Colleges and Universities courses on the Life Works and Writings of JOSE RIZAL, particularly his novels NOLI ME TANGERE and EL FILIBUSTERISMO, Authorizing the Printing and Distribution Thereof, and for Other Purposes. 

Whereas, today, more than other period of our history, there is a need for a re-dedication to the ideals of freedom and nationalism for which our heroes lived and died.

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Whereas, it is meet that in honoring them, particularly the national hero and patriot, Jose Rizal, we remember with special fondness and devotion their lives and works that have shaped the national character;

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Whereas, the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, are a constant and inspiring source of patriotism with which the minds of the youth, especially during their formative and decisive years in school, should be suffused.

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Whereas, all educational institutions are under the supervision of, and subject to regulation by the State, and all schools are enjoined to develop moral character, personal discipline, civic conscience, and to teach the duties of citizenship; Now therefore,

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Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress assembled

SEC.1 Courses on the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, shall be included in the curricula of all schools, colleges and universities, public or private; Provided, That in the collegiate courses, the original or unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their English translations shall be used as basic texts. The Board of National Education is hereby authorized and directed to adopt forthwith measures to implement and carry out the provisions of this Section, including the writing and printing of appropriate primers, readers and textbooks. The Board shall, within sixty (60) days from the effectivity of this Act promulgate rules and regulations, including those of a disciplinary nature, to carry out and enforce the regulations of this Act. The Board shall promulgate rules and regulations providing for the exemption of students for reason of religious belief stated in a sworn written statement, from the requirement of the provision contained in the second part of the first paragraph of this section; but not from taking the course provided for in the first part of said paragraph. Said rules and regulations shall take effect thirty (30) days after their publication in the Official Gazette. SEC.2 It shall be obligatory on all schools, colleges and universities to keep in their libraries an adequate number of copies of the original and expurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as well as Rizal’s other works and biography. The said unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their translations in English as well as other writings of Rizal shall be included in the list of approved books for required reading in all public or private schools, colleges and universities. The Board of National Education shall determine the adequacy of the number of books, depending upon the enrollment of the school, college or university. SEC.3 The Board of National education shall cause the translation of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as well as other writings of Jose Rizal into English, Tagalog and the principal Philippine dialects; cause them to be printed in cheap, popular editions; and cause them to be distributed, free of charge, to persons desiring to read them, through the Purok organizations and the Barrio Councils throughout the country.

SEC.4 Nothing in this Act shall be construed as amending or repealing section nine hundred twenty-seven of the Administrative Code, prohibiting the discussion of religious doctrines by public school teachers and other persons engaged in any public school. SEC.5 The sum of three hundred thousand pesos is hereby authorized to be appropriated out of any fund not otherwise appropriated in the National Treasury to carry out the purposes of this Act. SEC.6 This Act shall take effect upon its approval. As JUNE 12, 1956, R.A. 1425 has been approved during the presidency of former President Ramon Magsaysay. SENATOR CLARO M.RECTO- Father of R.A 1425.

The first section of the law concerns mandating the students to read Rizal’s novels. The last two sections involve making Rizal’s writings accessible to the general public—they require the schools to have a sufficient number of copies in their libraries and mandate the publication of the works in major Philippine languages. Jose P. Laurel, then senator who co-wrote the law, explained that since Jose Rizal was the founder of the country’s nationalism and had significantly contributed to the current condition of the nation, it is only right that Filipinos, especially the youth, know about and learn to imbibe the great ideals for which the hero died. Accordingly, the Rizal Law aims to accomplish the following goals: 1. To rededicate the lives of youth to the ideals of freedom and nationalism, for which our heroes lived and died 2. To pay tribute to our national hero for devoting his life and works in shaping the Filipino character 3. To gain an inspiring source of patriotism through the study of Rizal’s life, works, and writings. The Importance of Studying Rizal The academic subject on the life, works, and writings of Jose Rizal was not mandated by law for nothing. Far from being impractical, the course interestingly offers many benefits that some contemporary academicians declare that the subject, especially when taught properly, is more beneficial than many subjects in various curricula. The following are just some of the significance of the academic subject: 1. The subject provides insights on how to deal with current problems There is a dictum, “He who controls the past controls the future.” Our view of history forms the manner we perceive the present, and therefore influences the kind of solutions we provide for existing problems. Jose Rizal course, as a history subject, is full of historical information from which one could base his decisions in life. In various ways, the subject, for instance, teaches that being educated is a vital ingredient for a person or country to be really free and successful. 2. It helps us understand better ourselves as Filipinos The past helps us understand who we are. We comprehensively define ourselves not only in terms of where we are going, but also where we come from. Our heredity, past behaviors, and old habits as a nation are all significant clues and determinants to our present situation. Interestingly, the life of a very important national historical figure like Jose Rizal contributes much to shedding light on our collective experience and identity as Filipino. The good grasp of the past offered by this subject would help us in dealing wisely with the present. 3. It teaches nationalism and patriotism Nationalism involves the desire to attain freedom and political independence, especially by a country under foreign power, while patriotism denotes proud devotion and loyalty to one’s nation. Jose Rizal’s life, works, and writings—especially his novels—essentially, if not perfectly, radiate these traits. For one thing, the subject helps us to understand our country better.

4. It provides various essential life lessons We can learn much from the way Rizal faced various challenges in life. As a controversial figure in his time, he encountered serious dilemmas and predicaments but responded decently and high-mindedly. Through the crucial decisions he made in his life, we can sense his priorities and convictions which manifest how noble, selfless, and great the national hero was. For example, his many resolutions exemplified the aphorism that in this life there are things more important than personal feeling and happiness. 5. It helps in developing logical and critical thinking Critical Thinking refers to discerning, evaluative, and analytical thinking. A Philosophy major, Jose Rizal unsurprisingly demonstrated his critical thinking skills in his argumentative essays, satires, novels, speeches, and written debates. In deciding what to believe or do, Rizal also proved his being a reasonably reflective thinker, never succumbing to the irrational whims and baseless opinions of anyone. In fact, he indiscriminately evaluated and criticized even the doctrines of the dominant religion of his time. A course on Rizal’s life, works, and writings therefore is also a lesson in critical thinking. 6. Rizal can serve as a worthwhile model and inspiration to every Filipino If one is looking for someone to imitate, then Rizal is a very viable choice. The hero’s philosophies, life principles, convictions, thoughts, ideals, aspirations, and dreams are a good influence to anyone. Throughout his life, he valued nationalism and patriotism, respect for parents, love for siblings, and loyalty to friends, and maintained a sense of chivalry. As a man of education, he highly regarded academic excellence, logical and critical thinking, philosophical and scientific inquiry, linguistic study, and cultural research. As a person, he manifested versatility and flexibility while sustaining a strong sense of moral uprightness. 7. The subject is a rich source of entertaining narratives People love fictions and are even willing to spend for books or movie tickets just to be entertained by made-up tales. But only a few perhaps know that Rizal’s life is full of fascinating non-fictional accounts.

HERO- is a person admired for achievements and noble qualities and a prominent or central personage taking an admirable action. -Honored after death because of his/her exceptional service to mankind. - A person who did an heroic act to people or in nation. QUALITIES OF A HERO Sacrifice Sacrifice is the forfeiture of something highly valued for the sake of one considered having a greater value or claiming. . Determination Determination is a fixed intention or resolution; a firmness of purpose or resolve. Loyalty Loyalty is the feeling of allegiance or the act of binding oneself to a course of action. Courage Courage is that firmness of spirit and swell of soul which meets danger without fear. Dedication Dedication is a selfless devotion; complete and whole hearted fidelity or the act of binding oneself to a course of action. Compassion

A feeling of deep sympathy and sorrow for others who are stricken by misfortune, accompanied by a strong desire/action to alleviate the suffering. Valor Valor is courage exhibited in war, and cannot be applied to single combats. Selfless Selfless is the quality of unselfish concern for the welfare of others and acting with less concern for yourself. Conviction Conviction is a fixed or strong belief; a necessity of the mind or an unshakable belief. Gallantry Gallantry is adventurous courage, which courts danger with a high and cheerful spirit. Perseverance Perseverance is a persistent determination. Fortitude Fortitude has often been styled "passive courage," and consists in the habit of encountering danger and enduring pain with a steadfast and unbroken spirit. Bravery Bravery is daring and impetuous courage, like that of one who has the reward continually in view, and displays his courage in daring acts. Flaw A fault, often concealed, that mars the perfection of something. This imperfection often causes vulnerability

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NATIONALISM consists in showing interest in the unification of a nation based on cultural and linguistic equanimity Gives a feeling that one’s country is superior to another in every aspect and hence it is often described as the worst enemy of peace according to the great thinker George Orwell. rooted in rivalry and hatred It works from the base of enmity. nationalist believes that his country is better than any other country considers that the people belonging to his own country alone are important Aggressive in its concept.

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PATRIOTISM consists in developing love for a nation based on its values and beliefs Does not pave the way for enmity towards other nations but on the other hand strengthen the admiration towards one’s own country. rooted in affection works from the base of peace Believes that his country is one of the best and that it can advance in many fields with effort and hard work Considered a common property and is construed equal all over the world. expresses the love of an individual towards his country in a passive way

THE WORLD OF RIZAL TIME FEBRUARY 19. 1861- Four months before Rizal’s birth in Calamba, the liberal Czar Alexander II (1855-1881), to appease the rising discontent of the Russian masses, issued a proclamation emancipating 22, 500, 000 serfs. JUNE 19, 1861- when Rizal was born, the American Civil War (1861-1865) was raging furiously in the United State over the issue of Negro slavery. This titanic conflict, which is erupted on April 12, 1861, compelled President Lincoln to issue his famous Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1863 freeing the Negro slaves. June 1, 1861- Benito Juarez, a full-blooded Zapotec Indian, was elected President of Mexico. In April 1862, Emperor Napoleon III of the Second French Empire, in his imperialistic desire to secure a colonial stake in Latin

America, sent French troops which invaded and conquered Mexico. President Juarez, owing to the raging American Civil War, could not obtain military aid from his friend, President Lincoln, but he continued to resist the French invaders with his valiant Indian and Mexican freedom fighters. June 12, 1864- To consolidate his occupation of Mexico, Napoleon III installed Archduke Maximilian of Austria as puppet emperor of Mexico at Mexico City. May 15, 1867- Finally, after the end of American Civil War, Juarez with U.S support, defeated Maximilian’s French forces in the Battle of Queretaro and executed Emperor Maximilian on June 19, 1867. In Rizal’s time two European nations (Italians and Germans) succeeded in unifying their own countries. The Italians under the leadership of Count Cavour and of Garibaldi and his army of “Red Shirts” drove out the Austrians and French armies from Italy and proclaimed the Kingdom of Italy under King Victor Emmanuel, with Rome as capital city. January 18, 1871- The Prussians led by Otto von Bismarck, the “Iron Chancellor”, defeated France in the “FrancoPrussian War” and established the German Empire. Emperor Napoleon III defeated again and the Second French Empire collapsed and over its ruins the Third French Republic arose, with Adolph Thiers as first President. 1837-1901- During the glorious reign of Queen Victoria, British people proudly asserted: “Britannia Rules the waves. By winning the First Opium War (1840-1742) againts the tottering Chinese Empire under the Manchu Dynasty, she acquired the island of Hong Kong (Fragrant Harbor). In the Second Opium War (1856- 1860), she won again and forced the helpless Manchu Dynasty to cede Kowloon Peninsula opposite Hong Kong. 1859- After suppressing the Indian Rebellion and dismantling the Mogul Empire, she imposed her raj (rule) over the subcontinent of India (now consisting of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh). 1824-1826, 1852, and 1885- She won the Anglo- Burmese War and she conquered Burma. Other land in Asia which become British colonies were Ceylon ( Sri Lanka), Maldives, Aden, Malaya, Singapore, and Egypt. Australia and New Zealand in South Pacific also became Bristish colonies. 1858-1863- France, with the help of Filipino troops under Spanish officers, conquered Vietnam; annexed Colombia (1863) and Laos (1893) ; and merged all these countries into a federated colony under the name of French Indochina. In 17th century, after driving away from the Portuguese and Spaniard, the Dutch colonized this vast and rich archipelago and named it the Netherlands East Indies (now Indonesia). Czarist Russia turned eastward to Asia, conquering Siberia and later occupied Kamchatka, Kuriles, and Alaska (which she sold in 1867 to US for $ 7, 200, 00). 1865-1884- she conquered the Muslim Khanates of Bokhara, Khiva, and Kokand in Central Asia. Czarist Russia joined England, France, and Germany in the dispoliation of the crumbling Chinese Empire, acquiring Manchuria as " sphere of influence", thus enabling her to build the 5, 800 miles Trans-Siberian Railway, reputed to be " the world longest railroad" linking Vladivostok and Moscow. July 8, 1853 - an American squadron under the command of Commodore Matthew C. Perry re-opened Japan to the world. 1639-1853- Japan ended their 214- year isolation; Emperor Meiji (Mutsuhito) modernized the country by freely accepting Western influences, including imperialism. 1894-1895- Japan join the Western imperialist power, began imperialist career by fighting weak China in the SinoJapanese War and grabbed Formosa (Taiwan) and Pescadores. And later in 1910 she annexed Korea.

January 1871- The Germany should be recalled become a sovereign state and was late in the scramble for colonies in Asia and Africa. August 25, 1885- A German warship, the Ilties, entered the harbor of Yap (an island in the Carolines), landing the German marines who seized the island, hoisted the German flag and proclaimed the Carolines and Palaus archipelago as colonies of Germany. Spanish Governor of Carolines (Don Enrique Capriles) was present in the island, with two Spanish ships moored at its harbor, but due to cowardice or other reason, he did not offer resistance to the German aggression. Spain claimed sovereignty over the Carolines and Palaus by right of discovery. The Island of Yap was discovered by the Manila galleon pilot, Francisco Lezcano, who named it "Carolina" in honor of King Charles II (1665-1700) of Spain, which name was applied to the other islands. Spanish-German grew critical. In Mandrid, the Spanish populace rose in violent riots, demanding war againts Germany. To avert actual clash of arms, Spain and Germany submitted the Carolina Questions to Pope Leo XIII for arbitration. October 22, 1885- The Holy father issued his decision and favoring Spain- recognizing Spain's sovereignty over the Carolines and Palaus, but granting two concessions to Germany. (1) The right to trade in the disputed archipelagoes and (2) the right to establish coaling station in Yap for the German navy. Spain and Germany both accepted the Papal decision so that the Hispano-German War was aborted. Rizal was in Barcelona visiting his friend Maximo Viola. At the same time he wrote an article on the Carolina Question which was published in La Publicidad a newspaper owned by Don Miguel Morayta . Spain that time become the "mistress of the world" and was stagnating as a world power. Gone with the wind of time was the dalliance of the imperial glory of her vanished Siglo de Oro (Golden Age), Spain lost their rich colonies in Latin America- Paraguay (1811), Argentina (1816), Chile (1817), Colombia and Ecuador (1819), The Central American countries (Costa Rica, Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Nicaragua) in 1921, Venezuela (1822), Peru (1824) and Bolivia and Uruguay (1854). Spain never learned a lesson form these colonies. Spain continued a despotic rule in remaining overseas colonies, including Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. The Philippines of Rizal's Times During the times of Rizal, the sinister shadows of Spain's decadence darkened Philippine skies. Among the evil acts of Spaniards are: (1) Instability of colonial administration, (2) corrupt officialdom, (3) no Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes , (4) human rights denied to Filipinos , (5) no equality before the law, (6) maladministration of justice, (7) racial discrimination , (8) frailocracy, (9) forced labor, (10) haciendas owned by the friars , and (11) The Guardia Civil. Instability of Colinial Administration The instability of Spanish politics since the turbulent reign of King Ferdinand VII (1...