LIN HW 6 Phonology - This is a homework assignment for LIN 1. PDF

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This is a homework assignment for LIN 1....

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Question 1: The following sets of minimal pairs show that English /p/ and /b/ contrast in initial, medial, and final positions.

Initial

Medial

Final

pit/bit

rapid/rabid

cap/cab

Find similar sets of minimal pairs for each pair of consonants given: a. /k/—/g/ d. /b/—/v/ g. /s/—/ʃ/ b. /m/—/n/ e. /b/—/m/ h. /ʧ/—/ʤ/ c. /l/—/r/ f. /p/—/f/ i. /s/—/z/

Initial

Medial

Final

A. call/gall

ace/age

bank/bang

B. man/mat

ame/ate

bam/bat

C. lip/rip

block/Brock

loll/roll

D. ban/van

jibe/jive

curb/curve

E. Ben/men

Gabe/game

sub/sum

F. peel/feel

sipped/sift

leap/leaf

G. sore/shore

fist/fished

bass/bash

H. chip/gip

searching/surging

batch/badge

I. sip/zip

fussy/fuzzy

race/raise

Question 4 (part one): Consider the distribution of [r] and [l] in Korean in the following words. (Some simplifying changes have been made in these transcriptions, which have no bearing on the problem.) rubi

‘ruby’ (noun)

mul

‘water’ (noun)

kir-i

‘road (nom.)’ (noun)

pal

‘arm’ (noun)

saram

‘person’ (noun)

səul

‘Seoul’ (noun)

irum-i

‘name (nom.)’ (noun)

ilgop

‘seven’ (noun)

ibalsa

‘barber’ (noun)

ratio

‘radio’ (noun)

a. Are [r] and [l] allophones of one or two phonemes? [r] and [l] are allophones of two phonemes because they both have their own environments and they cannot be interchanged or have minimal pairs because of their distinct environments. b. Do they occur in any minimal pairs? No, the two allophones do not have any minimal pairs because both have their own environment. For [r], [r] has to come before a vowel, while [l] has to come after. c. Are they in complementary distribution? Yes, the two allophones are not complementary distribution because all the words in the list are nouns, and because they’re nouns, the essential meaning does not change, but the meaning of each respective word does. Furthermore, the environment that [r] and [l] take place in a word is different, an [r] cannot be placed after a vowel, while an [l] cannot be placed before a vowel. d. In what environments does each occur? Allophone

Environment

[r]

Before [u], [a], [i], [æ], [u]

[l]

After [ʊ], [a], [ʊ], [ɪ  ], [a]

e. If you conclude that they are allophones of one phoneme, state the rule that can derive the phonetic allophonic forms.

Question 4 (part two): Here are some additional data from Korean: son

(noun) ‘hand’

ʃihap ‘game’

(noun)

som

(noun) ‘cotton’

ʃilsu ‘mistake’

(noun)

sosəl

(noun) ‘novel’

ʃipsam ‘thirteen’

(noun)

sɛk

(noun) ‘color’

ʃinho ‘signal’

isa

(verb) ‘moving’

sal

(noun) ‘flesh’

kasu

(noun) ‘singer’

miso

(verb) ‘grin’

maʃita delicious’

(noun)

(verb phrase) ‘is

oʃip ‘fifty’ miʃin ‘superstition’ kaʃi ‘thorn’

(noun)

(noun)

(noun)

a. Are [s] and [ʃ] allophones of the same phoneme, or is each an allophone of a separate phoneme? Give your reasons. [s] and [ʃ] are allophones of the same phoneme, which is /s/. This is true because the [ʃ] sound can be decrypted as a [sh] sound, which includes s. And just like how the allophones [th] and [t] are phonemes of /t/, so are [s] and [ʃ] allophones of /s/.

son

→

so

ʃihap i

→

som

→

so

ʃilsu i

→

isa

→

sa

maʃita → i

kasu →

su

miʃin i

→

Miso →

so

kaʃi i

→

b. If you conclude that they are allophones of one phoneme, state the rule that can derive the phonetic allophones. [s] is placed before a vowel, while [ʃ] is always placed before the [i] vowel.

Question 9: Pairs like top and chop, dunk and junk, so and show, and Caesar and seizure reveal that /t/ and /ʧ/, /d/ and /ʤ/, /s/ and /ʃ/, and /z/ and /ӡ/ are distinct phonemes in English. Consider these same pairs of non-palatalized and palatalized consonants in the following data. (The palatal forms are optional forms that often occur in casual speech.) Non-palatized

Palatized

[hɪt mi] me’

‘hit

[hɪ ju]

‘hit you’

[lid hĩm]

‘lead him’

[li ju]

‘lead you’

[phæs ʌs]

‘pass us’

[phæ ju]

‘pass you’

[lu ju]

‘lose you’

[luz ðem] ● ● ●

‘lose them’

[j] is a palatal approximant, while [u] is a back close [ ] and [ ] are affricates [ ] and [ ] are fricatives

Formulate the rule that specifies when /t/, /d/, /s/, and /z/ become palatalized as [ʧ], [ʤ], [ʃ], and [ӡ]. Restate the rule using feature notations. Does the formal statement reveal the generalizations? When /t/, /d/, /s/, and /z/ become palatalized as [ʧ], [ʤ], [ʃ], and [ӡ], it is because the following sound is a palatal approximant, like [j]. Because spacing isn’t considered when pronouncing a sound, the sounds merge in order to create sounds like [ʧ], [ʤ], [ʃ], and [ӡ], Examples: [hɪt mi] [tmi]

→

[lid hĩm]

→

[hɪ ju]

[dhĩm]

[li ju]

→

→

[tj] →

[dj] →

[tju]

[dju]

→ [ ju]

→ [ ju]

[phæs ʌs]

→

[s ʌs]

[phæ ju] ju]

→

[sj] →

[sju]

→

[

Question 15: Consider these data from the African language Maninka. bugo

‘hit’

dila

‘repair’

don

‘come in’

bugoli

‘hitting’

dilali

‘repairing’

donni

‘coming in’

dumu

‘eat’

dumuni

‘eating’

gwen

‘chase’

gwenni

‘chasing’

a. What are the two forms of the morpheme meaning -ing? The two forms of the morpheme meaning -ing is “li” and “ni.” b. Can you predict which phonetic form will occur? If so, state the rule. ● -li and -ni are both phonetic forms that affect the end of a word ● All the words in the 1st column are verbs ● The “-ing” forms in the 2nd column are also verbs ● The words with the “-li” suffix end with a vowel (bugo and dila). ● The words with the “-ni” suffix mostly end with a consonant (don and gwen). ● Exception is with dumu ● Either way, both “-li” and “-ni” occur when the verb is an action verb.

The phonetic form of “-li” will occur when the last sound ([o] for “bugo” and [a] for dila) is a “back,” that is to say, that the tongue is reaching for the back of the mouth when pronouncing these two sounds. However, with [ʊ] and [n], we can determine that [n] is a nasal, while [ʊ  ] is a near-back, which explains why dumu becomes dumuni.

c. What are the “-ing” forms for the following verbs? Original da

‘lie down’

men

‘hear’

famu

‘understand’

“-ing” Forms dali

“lying down”

menni

“hearing”

famuni

“understanding”

d. What does the rule that you formulated predict for the “-ing” form of sunogo ‘sleep’? The “-ing” form of sunogo is sunogoli because the last letter [o] is a back vowel.

e. If your rule predicts sunogoli, modify it to predict sunogoni without affecting the other occurrences of -li. Conversely, if your rule predicts sunogoni, modify it to predict sunogoli without affecting the other occurrences of -ni. ● ● ●

Modify the rule, not the word! The “other” occurrences of -li are within this homework All “other occurrences of -li are only with [a]

If I wanted to change the rule so that sunogoli can become sunogoni, then I’d specify my rule to include that if [o] is the last sound, then “-ni” should be entailed. For example: sunog[o] → +”-ni” = sunogoni...