Linguistics Lecture Notes PDF

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SEMANTICS – the study of meanings ฀

SEMIOTICS – language of science

TWO BRANCHES OF SEMANTICS ฀ ฀

LEXICAL – study of how the lexicon is organized PHRASAL OR SENTENTIAL – syntactic unit larger than words

TYPES OF SEMANTICS RELATIONS ฀

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SYNONYMY – merely identical meanings that can be interchangeable in some context Ex: everlasting – eternal, perpetual temporary – ephemeral o Literary Translation – translating the whole context o Transliteration – word by word ANTONYMY – one property or characteristics in one and absent in the other o Absolute Antonyms – created by rootwords o Derivational Antonyms – created by means of negative affixes o Converseness Antonyms – mutually dependent with each other POLYSEMY – arises when several related meanings are associated with the same group of sounds within one part of speech Ex: Mouth – part of the body - rim of a glass, edge of river, etc HOMONYMY – similar spelling and pronunciation but differ in meaning, two meaning entirely unrelated Ex: bear – animal bear – giving birth

SEMANTIC PROPERTIES OF WORDS – elements of meaning that make up the lexical entry of the word in the speaker’s mind.

TYPES OF FIGURES OF SPEECH ฀ ฀ ฀

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Ex: man – male, human, adult boy – male, human, child ฀ SEMANTIC DOMAIN – set of words that share semantic properties ฀

HYPONYMS – constitute a subclass of a more general words Ex:

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Solipsistic Introjection – associating expression and his voice Ex: reading a text message

MARKEDNESS IN SEMANTICS - concept that some words or morphemes are more common or usual than others Ex: Lion – unmarked

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Metaphor – suggest a likeness Ex: Life is a seesaw. Hyperbole – exaggeration Ex: I have enough food to feed a whole army. Pun – play of words Ex: Why do we still have troops in Germany? To keep the Russian in Czech. Irony – has humorous effect, sarcastic Ex: He was punished for his little mishap. Paradox - seemingly impossible contradiction is possible Ex: Marriage is the leading cause of divorce. Oxymoron – adjacent words are connected Ex: original copy, sweet sorrow, deafening silence Personification – attribution of human qualities Ex: The flowers are dancing. Alliteration – repetition of usually initial consonant sounds Ex: Nick needed new notebook. Assonance – repetition of the vowel sounds Ex: Rise high in the bright sky. (i-sounds) Consonance – repetition of consonant sound Ex: Dawn goes down. Apostrophe – talking to someone or something who is not present Ex: “Oh Liberty, what things are done in thy name!” Anaphora – repeating initial sounds Ex: We cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hollow - this ground. Rhetorical Question – asking questions that is not meant to be the answered Ex: Do you want to be a failure for the rest of your life? Allusion – using a person or thing to represent another person or thing o Historical A. – persons in history o Biblical A. – biblical characters o Literary A. – literary characters Ex: Hey! Guess who the new Newton of our school is? (Historical Allusion) Metonymy – uses a brand to represent another item Ex: Blood is thicker than water. Antanagoge – negative point is balance with positive one Ex: When life gives you lemon, makes some lemonade. Antimetabole – repetition of the clause with reverse wording in the second clause Ex: Say what you mean, mean what you say. Aureation – uses decorative words or language Ex: In misty moments of glory she deigned to cast her dewy eyes upon my visage. Down, cast, I was, thrown on the garbage pile of life's fell and despondent emptiness. Bomphiologia – bragging whatever your personality is Ex: I earn a great deal more than you, you know. No, don’t ask me how much, because I don’t talk

Lioness – marked IDIOMS – have hidden and figurative meaning and it is universal FIGURES OF SPEECH - not universal

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about it. But let’s just say I bought another Ferrari last week. It’s the new model, ofcourse. Euphemism – extentuate the situation or description Ex: Fat – horizontally challenge Dysphemism – uses extreme words negatively; opposite of euphemism...