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• Structuralism: the definition of linguistic signs • Some names to be remembered: • Geneva School: Ferdinand de Saussure, • Copenhagen School: Louis Hjelmslev • Prague School: Nikolay Trubetskoy (Principles of Phonology), Roman Jakobson • Charles Morris, Burrhus Frederic Skinner, Leonard Bloomfield, Emile Benveniste, André Martinet, Charles Kay Ogden and Ivor Armstrong Richards (The Meaning of Meaning, 1923) • Karl Bühler (Organonmodell), Ernst Cassirer (Symbolische Formen)

Some Linguistics Theories • Structuralist linguistics (semiotics) • Generative Linguistics (Noam Chomsky’s nativist theory, FOXP2 vs. Jean Piaget developmental psychology), Minimalism • Taxonomic linguistics, Stratificational Grammar • Dependency Grammar, Valency Grammar (Tèsniere 1959; syntax) • Functionalist linguistics, Usage-based linguistics (CorpusLinguistics) • Cognitive Linguistics, Cognitive Grammar, Cognitive Semantics, Cultural Linguistics • Conceptual Grammar/Blending, Mental Space Grammar • Construction Grammar, Radical Construction Grammar • Collocational linguistics

The Linguistic Sign • Ferdinand de Saussure: signified and signifier

• Saussure: the sign is the basic unit of meaning and signs are made up of two parts. • Signifier: form of a sign. The form might be a sound, a word, a photograph, a facial expression

or Magritte’s painting of pipe that’s not a pipe. • Signified: The concept or object that’s represented. The concept or object might be an actual pipe, the command to stop (= speech-act), or a warning of radioactivity. • Remember that words, as well is pictures, are signs. The word “pipe” is a sign for an actual pipe as much as Magritte’s painting is a sign for an actual pipe. The signified is the same in both cases, that of a real pipe than can be filled with tobacco, which you can light and smoke. • What’s different in the two signs is the signifier. In Magritte’s case the signifier is a painting and with the word “pipe” the signifier is the word itself. Both are representations of an actual pipe....