Longing for the Lost Caliphate: A Transregional History. (2017 AAR Award for Excellence in the Historical Study of Religion) PDF

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• LONGING for • lhe LOST CALIPHATE A Tr ansr egional History MONA HASSA N • LONGING for lhe ! LOST CALIPHATE A Tr ansr egional History MONA HASSAN PRINCETON UNIVERS I T Y P RES S Pr i nceton a nd Ox for d Copyright © 2016 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 Will...

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• LONGING for • lhe LOST CALIPHATE A Tr ansr egional History

•

MONA HASSA N

LONGING ! for lhe LOST CALIPHATE A Tr ansr egional History

MONA HASSAN PRINCETON U NIVERSI T Y P RE S S Pr inc eton a nd Ox for d

Copyright © 2016 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TR press.princeton.edu Jacket image: “he last Abbasid caliph of Baghdad al-Mustaʾṣim brought on his knees before the Mongol commander Hülegü.” Copyright © he British Library Board, All Rights Reserved, Or. 2780, folio 89v. All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Hassan, Mona, author. Title: Longing for the lost caliphate : a transregional history / Mona Hassan. Description: Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, [2016] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identiiers: LCCN 2016016011 | ISBN 9780691166780 (hardcover : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Caliphate—History. | Islam and state. Classiication: LCC BP166.9 .H37 2017 | DDC 297.6/1—dc23 British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available his book has been composed in Adobe Text Pro and Poetica Printed on acid-free paper. ∞ Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Contents ix xi xv

List of Illustrations and Maps Acknowledgments Note on Transliteration and Dates

Introduction

1

Early History of the Caliphate he Abbasid Caliphate he Ottoman Caliphate Diachronic Relections on Symbolic Loss, Destruction, and Renegotiation

Chapter 1

• Visions of a Lost Caliphal Capital: Baghdad, 1258 CE

Mapping an Islamic Cultural Discourse al-Subkī’s Living History: An Enduring Sense of Loss Channeling Muslim Memory through History Loss of the Abbasids Bodily Desecration Literary Dimensions of Religious Rites An Altered Landscape Eschatological Endings he Consolation of Prophetic Transmissions

Chapter 2

20 22 27 30 33 37 44 46 57 64

• Recapturing Lost Glory and Legitimacy

66

• Conceptualizing the Caliphate, 632–1517 CE

98

Remembering and Recreating a Glorious Past Going Beyond Baghdad Commemorating the Caliphate Contesting Caliphs Embracing Communal Continuity Enduring Salience

Chapter 3

5 6 9 13

Classical Articulation of the Islamic Caliphate as a Legal Necessity and Communal Obligation al-Juwaynī’s Seminal Fith/Eleventh-Century Resolution Post-656/1258 heorists of the Caliphate

vii

67 69 71 75 83 88

99 103 108

C o n t en ts Ghalabah, the Sultanate, and the Caliphate in Ibn Jamāʾah’s Taḥrīr al-Aḥkām (1241–1333) Ibn Taymiyyah’s Views on the Caliphate (1262–1328) Shams al-Dīn al-Dhahabī’s Polemical Treatise on the Grand Imamate (1274–1348) Tāj al-Dīn al-Subkī and the Restoration of Blessings (1327–70) he Inter-School Polemics of Najm al-Dīn al-Ṭarsūsī (1310–57) Ibn Khaldūn’s Political Entanglements and Ideals (1332–1406) he Mamluk Chancery Contributions of al-Qalqashandī (1355–1418) al-Shīrāzī’s Metaphysical Exaltation of the Abbasid Caliph in Cairo (1386–1457) Jalāl al-Dīn al-Suyūṭī’s Devotional Love of the Prophet’s Family (1445–1505)

Chapter 4

136

• In International Pursuit of a Caliphate

184

• Debating a Modern Caliphate

İsmail Şükrü (1876–1950) Mehmed Seyyid Çelebizade (1873–1925) ʾAlī ʾAbd al-Rāziq (1888–1966) Muḥammad al-Khiḍr Ḥusayn (1876–1958) Mustafa Sabri (1869–1954) Said Nursi (1876–1960)

Epilogue

131

142

An Internationalist Era Promoting an International Conference Imagining the Global Community and Its Leadership A Spiritual Body A Caliphal Council A Traditional Caliph A Global Electorate Dampening Hopes Unexpected Continuities

Chapter 6

115 118 120 123 126

• Manifold Meanings of Loss: Ottoman Defeat, Early 1920s

Notions from Afar he Turkish Republic he Levant

Chapter 5

108 111

• he Swirl of Religious Hopes and Aspirations

145 155 171

186 188 192 194 199 202 204 205 212 218 218 220 225 233 236 244 253 261 341 373

Notes Bibliography Index viii

Illustrations and Maps Illustrations

1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

he last Abbasid caliph of Baghdad al-Mustaʾṣim brought on his knees as a captive before the Mongol commander Hülegü sitting on a throne An autograph manuscript of Ibn Shākir al-Kutubī’s historical chronicle “ʾUyūn al-Tawārīkh” preserving the memory of 656/1258 in poetry and prose he last Abbasid caliph of Baghdad al-Mustaʾṣim brought before the Mongol commander Hülegü Siege of Baghdad by the Mongol army Siege of Baghdad by the Mongol army Various musical deinitions of Maqām Mukhālif he calligrapher Yāqūt al-Mustaʾṣimī writing while hiding in a minaret during the Mongol siege Aerial photograph of the historic lava lows in Ḥarrat Rāḥat he city of Baghdad in lood Silver and gold coins from the Mamluk Sultanate Mausoleum of the Abbasid caliphs in Cairo next to the mosque of Sayyidah Nafīsah Silver and gold coins from the Delhi Sultanate A copy of al-Shīrāzī’s ninth/iteenth-century manuscript “Tuḥfat al-Mulūk” portraying the Mamluk sultan’s obedience to the Abbasid caliph as the key to every success Mustafa Kemal greeting Shaykh Aḥmad al-Sanūsī during the War of Independence in Anatolia Newspaper announcement of the Ottoman Caliphate’s abolition in Tevhid-i Ekar (Istanbul), March 1924 Newsreel stills of Sharīf Ḥusayn’s proclamation as caliph in Transjordan, March 1924 Endorsement of Sharīf Ḥusayn’s caliphate in Jamīl al-Baḥrī’s literary magazine al-Zahrah (Haifa), March 1924 he last Ottoman caliph Abdülmecid II, 1922–24 Indian and Chinese appeals to the Cairene Caliphate Congress Members of Sarekat Islam in Java

ix

ii

32 34 40 48 51 53 59 62 78 82 96

132 156 162 172 176 185 198 201

Li st o f I llust r at i o ns a nd Ma ps 20. he caliphate congress in Cairo, 1926 21. Some twentieth-century portraits 22. Said Nursi’s handwritten letter to Mustafa Kemal, November 23, 1922

210 213 247

Maps 1. 2. 3. 4.

Distribution of premodern authors and poets Mamluk Sultanate and ceremonial processional route Afro-Eurasia, 1920s Public protests and tensions over the caliphate’s abolition in the Turkish Republic (1924) and the Shaykh Said Rebellion (1925)

x

24 71 146 168...