MALAYALAM explained for students PDF

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ae-bm-f-km-lnXyw þ 3

19158

ae-bm-f-km-lnXywþ3 SELF LEARNING MATERIAL

ska-ÌÀ

III

Common Course Course: : MAL3 A09

B.A./B.Sc (2019 Admissi Admission) on)

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION Calicut University P.O., Malappuram Kerala, India – 673635

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

THIRD SEMESTER SELF LEARN LEARNING ING MATERIAL

B.A./B.Sc (2019 Ad Admission) mission) Common Co Course urse : MAL3A09

]T-\-¡p-dn-¸p-IÄ X¿m-dm-¡n-bXv samUyqÄ tUm. cmPp-¡p-«³ ]n.Pn Akn-Ìâv s{]m^-kÀ hnZq-c- hn-Zym-`ym-k- hn-`mKw Imen-¡äv kÀÆ-I-em-ime

samUyqÄ cpÜnWn sI. Akn-Ìâv s{]m^-kÀ hnZq-c- hn-Zym-`ym-k -hn-`mKw Imen-¡äv kÀÆ-I-em-ime

kq£va ]cn-tim-[\ \S-¯n-bXv tUm. Fw.-_n. at\mPv Akn-Ìâv s{]m^-kÀ ae-bm-f-þ-tI-c-f-]-T-\-hn-`mKw Imen-¡äv bqWn-th-gvknän

DÅ-S¡w ]pdw

samUyqÄþ1 1.

\mS-I-km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw

2.

`c-X-hmIyw þ Pn i¦-c-¸nÅ

3.

X\Xp \mS-I-ZÀi\w þ hbemhmkp-tZ-h³]nÅ

samUyqÄ þ 2 4.

Ne-¨n{Xw þ Xnc-¡Y

5.

s]cp-´-¨³ þ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h³\m-bÀ

6.

kwhn-[m-b-Isâ Ie þ ASqÀtKm]m-e-Ir-jvW³

samUyqÄ þ 3 1.

Bß-IY/kvacW

2.

sISm¯ Xo\m-f-§Ä þ hn.-Sn. `«-Xn-cn-¸mSv

3.

]pjv]-tKm-]pcw þ ]n. Ipªn-cm-a³ \mbÀ

4.

\oe-I-S-em-kn s]mXnª ]¨-¡p-Xnc þ tdmkntXm-akv

5.

Icp-Xn -sh¨ Hcn-e-t¨mdvþ Cu¨-c-hm-cyÀ

sam-UyqÄ þ 4 k©m-c- km-lnXyw lna-hmsâ apIį-«n þ cmP³Im¡-\m-S³

1 þ 17

18 þ 36

37 þ 55

56 þ 59

samUyqÄ þ 1 ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-thZn þ Ncn-{Xm-h-tem-I\w

sIm¨n-¸³ Xc-Isâ "adn-bm½' \mS-I-amWv (1867) ae-bm-f¯ - nse BZys¯ kmaq-lnI \mSIw F¶p-I-cpXmw. 1866-þ Fgp-Xnb IÃqÀ D½³ ]oen-t¸m-knsâ BÄam-dm«w AYhm Hcp \à tIfn-k-Ãm]w (tIm-aUn Hm^v Ftdgvkv þ tjIvkv]n-bÀ) Hcp \mSI IrXn-bmbn Icp-Xm³ {]bm-ka - p-s−¶v NneÀ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. Cu \mS-I-§Ä¡pw, Nhn-«p-\m-S-I§ - Ä¡pw {]Np-c{]-Nmcw In«n-bn-cp¶ Ime-¯m-Wv, tIc-f-hÀ½ hen-b-tIm-bn-¯¼ - p-cm³ aWn{]-hm-f-

im-Ip-´fw

F¶

t]cnÂ

Imfn-Zm-ksâ

A`n-Ú m-\i - m-Ip-´fw

hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXv {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨Xv. 1882-þ-emWv CXv. CXn-\p-ap¼v Xs¶ shfp-t¯cn tIi-h³ sshZyÀ A`n-Úm\imIp-´fw hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXv cwK-¯-h-X-cn-¸n-¨-Xmbn F.Un.l-cn-iÀ½ tcJs¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-−v. bYmÀ°¯n CXn-s\Ãmw ap¼v t]mÀ¨p-Ko-kp-Im-cp-am-bpÅ k¼À¡-¯n \n¶v ae-bmf \mS-I-th-Zn¡v Nne t\«-§Ä D−m-bn-«p-−v. bqtdm-]y³ \mS-Ic - o-Xn-IÄ A\pI-cn¨v Nne \mS-I-k-{¼-Zm-b-§Ä DS-se-Sp-¯-Xmbn Icp-Xmw. aX-]c - n-hÀ¯-\¯n-eqsS {InkvXp-aX hnizm-kn-I-fmbn XoÀ¶-h-cmWv Cu \mSI {]hÀ¯-\§Ä¡v t\XrXzw sImSp-¯-Xv. tdma³ N-{I-hÀ¯n-bpsS A]-Zm-\§ - Ä hmgv¯p¶ Pt\mh \mS-I-amWv CXn {][m-\w. CXn-s\-Xp-SÀ¶v ImdÂam³ \mS-Iw, bmt¡m_p \mS-Iw, s\t¸m-fn-b³ NcnXw F¶nh cwK-¯p-h¶ - p. F¶m ]mÝmXy \mS-I-co-Xn-bn-epÅ ZpÀ_-em-\p-I-c-W-§f - mbn Ah amdn. \½psS

\mS-³

Iem-k-{¼-Zm-b-§-fp-sSbpw

]mÝm-Xy-\m-SI - c - o-Xn-If - p-sSbpw

k½n-{i-X-bmWv Nhn-«p-\m-S-I-¯n ImWp-¶-sX¶pw taÂ]-dª \mS-I§Ä¡p ap³t] Nhn«p \mS-I-§Ä D−m-bn-h-¶-Xmbpw Hc-`n-{]m-ba - p-−v. F¶m CsXm¶pw {it²-b-am-Im-Xn-cp¶ ka-b-¯mWv (1882) Bbneyw Xncp-

1

\mÄ alm-cm-Pmhv imIp-´fw "`mjm-im-Ip-´fw' F¶ t]cn hnhÀ¯\w \S-¯p-¶-Xv. `mjm-im-Ip-´fw \S\pw Km\-c-N-bn-Xm-hp-amb Xncp-h-«mÀ \mcm-bW-¸nÅ at\m-tam-l\w \mS-II-¼-\n-bn-eqsS t{]£-IÀ¡v ckn¡pw hn[w Nne

s]mSn-ssI-I-tfmsS

cwK-¯-h-X-cn-¸n-¨p.

CXn-s\-Xp-S˦v

Hcp-]mSv

kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-§Ä ae-bm-f-¯n-te¡v hnhÀ¯\w sN¿-s¸-Sp-Ib - p-−m-bn. Nm¯p-¡p«n a¶m-Sn-bm-cpsS Pm\Io]cn-Wbw 1889 (cm-a-`{- ZZo-£n-XÀ), D¯-cc - ma-N-cnXw 1892 (`-h-`q-Xn), sI.am-[-h-ta-t\msâ amf-hn-I m-án-an{Xw 1890, sIm«m-c¯n i¦p-®n-bpsS hn{I-tamÀÆ-iobw (Im-fn-Zm-k³), ame-Xn-am-[hw 1892 (`mk³), G.-B-dnsâ amf-hn-Im-án-an-{Xw 1890 (Im-fn-Zm-k³), kz]v\h - m-kh - Z- ¯w 1917 (`m-k³), sImSp-§-ÃqÀ Ipªp-¡p-«³ X¼p-cmsâ BÝ-cy-Nq-Um-aW - n-þ1893 (iàn `{Z³) XpS-§n-bh hnhÀ¯-\-§-fn {][m-\-§-fm-Wv. \mS-Im-h-X-c-W-¯n Xangv \mS-I-kw-L-§-fpsS kzm[o\w ]cn-KW - n-¡s¸-tS-−-Xm-Wv. Xangv \mS-I-§sf A\p-I-cn-¨mWv tIc-f¯ - n B[p-\nI \mSI-thZn XpS¡w Ipdn-¨-Xv. 1892-þ Hcp Xangv \mS-I-kwLw tIc-f-¯n-se-¯n-bXmbn Pn.-i-¦-c-¸nÅ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-−v. Cu Xangv\mS-I-§Ä ]mgvkn \mSI-¯nsâ A\p-I-c-W-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. hÀ®-i-_-f-amb thj-hn-[m-\§ - t- fm-Sp-IqSnb ]mgvkn \mSIw hnIvtSm-dn-b³ \mS-I-¯nsâ hnIr-Xm-\p-Ic - W - § - f - m-bn-cp¶p.

F¦nepw ]mgvkn \mS-I-§sf A\p-I-cn-¨m-bn-cp¶p Xangv \mS-I§ - Ä

cwK-{]-thiw sNbvX-sX¶p ImWmw. Ieym-W-cm-a³ skäv, _ºp-e³ Ip«n-izc³ skäv Ch-sbÃmw A¡m-es¯ {]kn² \mS-I-kw-L§ - f - m-bn-cp-¶p. Chsb A\p-I-cn-¨mWv tIc-f-¯n kzX{´ \mS-I-k-an-Xn-IÄ D−m-bX - v. Xncp-h-«mÀ \mcm-b-W-]n-Å-bpsS at\m-tam-l\w I¼\n, kn.-]n. ANyp-Xt- at\msâ hnt\m-Z-Nn-´m-aWn, Nm¯p-¡p«n a¶m-Sn-bm-cpsS "ckn-Ic - R - vPn\n', ]n.F-kv.-hm-cy-cpsS "]c-a-inh hnemkw I¼\n' XpS-§n-b-hb - mWv Cu kan-XnIÄ. XpSÀ¶v Ht«sd \mS-I-k-an-Xn-IÄ tIc-f-¯n-ep-−m-bn.

2

CtX Ime-L-«-¯n e£-Wm-kw-Kw, N{µnI (1891, sImSp-§Ã - qÀ Ipªn-¡p-«-³ X¼p-cm³) kp`-{ZmÀÖp\w (1891 tXm«-¡m«v C¡m-h½ - ) F{_mb-¡p«n (1893, I−-¯n hÀ¤okv am¸n-f) XpS-§nb kzX-{´-\m-SI - § - fpw D−m-bn-¯p-S-§n. F{_m-b-¡p«n ss__nÄ IYsb Bkv]Z- a - m¡n cNn¨v Cw¥ojv \mS-I-coXn A\p-k-cn¨v ae-bm-f-¯n D−mb BZy \mS-Ia - m-Wv. {]l-k\w ae-bm-f-¯nse KZy-\m-S-I-§-fpsS BZn-cq-]-amWv {]l-k\ - w.

Cw¥ojv

\mS-I-§sf ASn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bmWv {]l-k-\-§-Ä ChnsS D−m-bX - v. Ch ]cnlmk {][m-\-am-Wv. 1885-þ kn.-hn. cma³]nÅ Fgp-Xnb "N{µ-ap-Jo-hn-emkw' Cu {]Øm-\-¯nse BZy-Ir-Xn-bm-Wv. XpSÀ¶v s]mXp-th-Zn-If - n Ah-Xc - n-¸n¡m-\mbn Ipdp-¸n-Ãm-¡-f-cn, ]−s¯]m¨³ _SveÀ]¸³, sNdp-tX³ sImfw_-kv, Ibva-f-Èsâ IS-Ènss¡ XpS-§nb H¼-Xp-{]-l-k-\-§Ä kn.hn X¿m-dm¡n. ka-Im-en-I- km-aqly kw`-h-§Ä¡v {]l-k-\-§-fn {]m[m\yw e`n-¨p. ^en-Xhpw ]cn-lm-khpw CS-I-eÀ¯n kmaq-ln-I-hn-aÀi\w \S-¯pI F¶-Xmbn-cp¶p kn.-hn.-bpsS e£yw. \mS-I-cw-K¯v Cu {]l-k\ - § - Ä Ne\w krjvSn-¨-tXmsS C.-hn. IrjvW-¸n-Å, F³.-]n. sNÃ-¸³ \mbÀ, Sn.-F³. tKm]n-\m-Y³ \mbÀ, PKXn, F³.-sI. BNmcn XpS-§n-b-hÀ Ah-cp-tS-Xmb khn-tij-co-Xn-I-fn Ht«sd {]l-k-\-§Ä cNn¨v cwK-¯-hX - c - n-¸n-¨p. Zpjn¨ kmaq-lnI {]h-W-X-IÄ \o¡p-t]m-¡n-ÃmsX Xpd¶p ImWn-¡p-¶X - nepw hnaÀin-¡p-¶-Xnepw {]l-k-\-§Ä ap³\n-c-bn Xs¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p. kwKoX \mS-I§Ä Xangv kwKo-X-\m-SIskäp-IÄ ae-bmf \mS-I-thZn AS-¡n-hm-Wt- ¸mÄ ae-bmf kwKo-X-\ m-S-I-§Ä D−m-tI-−-Xnsâ Bh-iy-IX t{]£-IÀ Xncn-¨dn-ªp. kwkvIr-X-`mjm \mS-I-§Ä¡pw Xangv kwKo-X-\m-S-I§ - Ä¡pw CS-

3

bn ka-\z-b-¯nsâ hgn-tX-Sn-bmWv ae-bmf kwKoX \mS-It- h-Zn¡v ip`-Ic - amb XpS-¡-ap-− m-b-Xv. ae-bmf kwKo-X-\m-S-I-{]-Ø m\w XnI¨pw A\p-I-c-W¯ - nsâ krjvSnbm-sW¶pw AXnsâ ^e-ambn \½psS ]qÀÆ-]m-c-¼-cy-§-fpsS ]n³Xp-SÀ¨-bnÃm¯ Hcp \mS-I-thZn \ap-¡p-−mbn F¶pw Pn i¦-c-¸nÅ A`n-{]m-bs - ¸Sp¶p. Xangv \mS-I-kw-L-§Ä Ah-X-cn-¸n¨ kZmdmw, kmhn{Xn kXy-hm³, \Ã-X¦mÄ, tImhn-e³ NcnXw XpS-§nb \mS-I-§Ä ae-bm-f-¯n Ah-Xc - n-¸n¡m-\mWv ae-bmf \mS-I-k-an-Xn-IÄ BZyw X¿m-dm-b-Xv. F¶m Xangv \mSI-§-fpsS Ah-X-c-Ww, kwhn-[m-\w, \o− kw`m-j-W-§Ä, ]Ým-¯e kwKoXw

XpS-§nb

LS-I-§Ä

hnI-e-ambn

A\p-I-cn-¨Xv

"tImamfn

\mSI'¯nsâ Xe-¯n-te¡v ae-bm-f \m-SIkanXn Ah-X-cn-¸n¨ \mS-I§ - Ä Xcw-Xm-gm³ CS-bm-bn.

Xangv \mS-I-§-fpsS hnP-b-¯nsâ {][m\ ImcWw

AXnse A\-izc Km\-§fpw kv{Xo ]mÀ«p-I-fp-am-bn-cp-¶p. F-¶ m `mK-hX \S-·mÀ ]m«p-IÄ hnIr-X-ambn ]mSn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨Xpw kwKo-Xhpw kmlnXyhpw tami-am-bXpw kv{Xo]mÀ«p-IÄ ]pcp-j-·mÀ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨Xpw kmt¦-XnI-ambn Ah-X-c-W-¯n AXv ]cm-P-b-s¸-«Xpw ae-bmf kwKo-X\ - m-SI - § - f - psS ]X-\-¯n\v Imc-W-am-bn. I\¯ km¼-¯nI _m[y-X-bp-−m¡n ae-bmf kwKoX \mS-I-k-an-Xn-IÄ¡v ]n³Xn-cn-tb-−n-h-¶p. Sn.-kn. ANyp-X-ta-t\m³, Fcp-h-bn Fw. N{I-]m-Wn-hm-cn-bÀ, hn.-F-kv. B³{Uqkv F¶n-h-cpsS \mS-I-§-fmWv ae-bm-f-kw-KoX \mS-I§ - f - n A{Kn-aØm-\¯p hcp-¶-Xv. (a-e-bmf kwKoX \mSI Ncn-{Xw) kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-§Ä \mtSmSn \mS-Iw, kwkvIr-X-\m-S-Iw, kwKo-X-\m-SIw F¶o aq¶p ssIh-gn-I-fmWv tIc-fob \mS-I-th-Zn-bpsS {]mNo-\-L-«-¯n ImWp-¶X - v.

4

kwkvIr-X-\m-SI ]mc-¼-cy-¯n "IqSn-bm«w' F¶ ¢mÊn-¡Â \mS-Im-hX - cWw IqSn DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-−v.

CXp-Iq-SmsX kwkvIr-X-\m-SI - -§f - psS ae-

bmf hnhÀ¯-\hpw ImWmw. IqSn-bm-«-¯n\v c−m-bn-c-t¯mfw hÀjs¯ ]g¡-ap-−v.

t£{X-§fpsS `mK-amb Iq¯-¼-e-§-fn-emWv A\p-jvTm-\¯ - nsâ

cq]-¯n IqSn-bm« \mS-I-§Ä Ah-X-cn-¸n¨p hcp-¶-Xv. C´y-bn-emsI Cu ¢mÊn-¡Â \mS-Im-h-X-cWw {]Nm-c-¯n-ep-− m-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦nepw Ccn-§m-e¡ - pS IqSÂam-Wn-Iy-t£-{X-¯nepw XrÈqÀ hS-¡p-¶m-Y-t£-{X-¯n-ep-amWv Ct¸mgpw CXv XpSÀ¶v hcp-¶-Xv. Ah-Xm-c-I-cmb NmIym-·mÀ¡v {]nb-¦c - a - mb \mS-I§Ä BÝ-cy-Nq-Um-a-Wn, A`n-tjI \mS-I w, {]Xnam \mS-Iw, kp`-{Zm-[\ - RvPbw F¶n-h. `mksâ \mS-I-§-fmb A`n-tj-Iw, {]Xn-a, {]Xn-Úm-bu-KÔ - c - m-b-Ww, kz]v\-hm-k-h-Z-¯w, _me-N-cn-Xw, Ahn-am-c-Iw, a[y-ah - ym-tbm-Kw, ZqX-hm-Iyw, IÀ®-`m-cw, Ducp-`w-Kw, Nmcp-Z¯w F¶nh tIc-f-¯n IqSn-bm-«c - q-]¯ - n Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p-h ¶ \mS-I-§-fm-Wv.

iàn-`-{Zsâ BÝ-cy-Nq-Um-aW - n, Ipe-ti-

J-csâ kp`-{Zm-[-\-RvP-bw, X]-Xn-kw-h-c-Ww, lÀjsâ \mKm-\µ - w, atl-{µhÀ½sâ `K-h-ZvÖp-Iw, t_m[m-b-\sâ a¯-hn-emkw F¶n-hbpw hym]-Iambn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p-t]m¶ kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-§-fm-Wv. Imfn-Zm-ksâ imIp-´fw IqSn-bm-« -cq-]-¯n I®qÀ PnÃ-bn Ac-t§-dn-bn-cp-¶-Xmbn sI.-]n. \mcm-bW-]n-jm-tcmSn ]d-bp-¶p-−v. B[p-\nI Ime¯v kwkvIrX \mS-I-§Ä¡v ]pXnb cwK-`m-jbpw cwKm-h-X-c-Whpw krjvSn-¨Xv Imhmew \mcm-b-W-¸-Wn-¡-cm-Wv.

a[y-ah - ym-

tbm-Kw, Ducp-`w-Kw, `K-h-ZvÖpIw, imIp-´fw XpS-§nb \mS-I§ - Ä kwkvIrX-¯n Xs¶ Imhmew Ac-§n-se-¯n-¨p.

5

tIc-f-¯n {]Nm-c-¯n-ep-−m-bn-cp¶ kwkvIrX \mS-I§ - f - n an¡Xn\pw ae-bmf hnhÀ¯-\-§Ä D−m-bn-«p-−v. A`n-Úm-\-im-Ip-´f - w, amf-hnIm-án-an-{Xw, kz]v\-hm-k-h-Z-¯w, IÀ®-`m-cw, Ducp-`w-Kw, ]©-cm-{Xw, ZqX-hmIyw, a[y-a-hym-tbm-Kw, `K-h-ZvÖp-Iw, a¯-hn-em-kw, D¯-c-cm-aN - c - nXw XpS-§nbh A¯-c-¯n tIc-f-¯n Ah-X-cn-¡-s¸« \mS-I-§-fm-Wv. 1882-þ at\mtam-l\w \mS-I-I-¼-\n-bpsS _m\-dn tIc-f-hÀ½ hen-b-tIm-bn-¯¼ - p-cmsâ tIc-fob `mjm-im-Ip-´fw Ac-t§dn. ]n¶oSv 1912-þ aWn-{]-hm-f-im-Ip-´fw F¶ t]cn efn-X-amb Hcp imIp-´f hnhÀ¯\w IqSn henb tImbn-X¼ - pcm³ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p. \qdp-I-W-¡n\v kwkvIrX \mS-I-XÀÖ-a-IÄ D−m-sb-¦nepw ae-bm-f¯n FSp-¯p-]-d-b-¯¡ Øm\w t\Sm³ Ah-bn `qcn-]£ - ¯ - n-\pw Ignªn-Ã. C¯-c-¯n-epÅ \mS-I-§fpw {it²-b-a-Ãm¯ Ch-bpsS Nph-Sp-]n-Sn-¨p−mb kzX-{´-\m-S-I-§fpw I−n-«mWv ap³jn cma-¡p-dp¸v N¡n-N¦ - c - hpw (1894) sI.-kn.-\ m-cm-b-W³ \¼ymÀ (h-S-¡³ N¡n-N-¦-chpw (1894) ioshmÅn \¼q-Xncn Zpkv]Ài \mS-Ihpw cNn-¨-Xv. Ch aq¶pw \mS-I§ - sf hnaÀin¡p¶ Bt£-]-lm-ky-¯n-epÅ \mS-I-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. X\Xp \mS-I-thZn Pn.-i-¦-c-¸nÅ, Imhmew \mcm-b-W-]-Wn-¡À, kn.-F³. {ioI-WvT³\mbÀ, Fw. tKmhn-µ³ XpS-§nb {]ikvX \mS-I-Ir-¯p-¡-fmWv X\-Xp-\m-SI - t- hZn-bpsS hàm-¡-fmbn \ne-sIm-−-Xv. IÀ®m-S-I-¯nse "b£-Km-\hpw' _wKmfnse "Pm{X'bpw tIc-f-¯nse X\-Xp-\m-S-I-th-Zn¡v t{]c-I-amb \mS-I{- ]-Øm\-§-fm-Wv. kn.-F³. {ioI-WvT³\m-bÀ 1967-þ "Ien' F¶ \mSIw Fgp-Xn-btXm-sS-bmWv

tIc-f-¯nÂ

X\-Xp-\m-SIw

{]mtbm-Kn-I-cq-]¯ - n-se-¯n-bX - v.

{]mNo-\-`m-c-X-¯n-sebpw tIc-f-¯n-sebpw \mtSmSn ¢mÊn¡v Iem-cq-]§ - f - psS

6

ssNX-\yhpw emfn-Xy-hpw Xmfhpw kwth-Z-\-£-a-Xbpw \mS-I¯ - n k¶n-thin-¸n-¡p-I-bmWv X\-Xp-\m-S-I-¯nÂ. A{]-Imcw kz´w thcp-IÄ tXSn-bpÅ At\z-jWw Cu \mSIw \S-¯p-¶p. kmam-\y-P-\-§-fpsS A²zm-\w, kuµ-cyk-¦ev]w F¶n-h-bp-ambn _Ô-apÅ Iem-cq-]-§sf DÄs¡m-Åp-¶X - p-sIm−v X\-Xp-\m-SIw AÀ°-]qÀ®-am-Ip-¶p.

Imhm-e-¯nsâ "Ah-\h - ³ IS¼'bpw

Pn. i¦-c-¸n-Å-bpsS "Idp¯ ssZhs¯ tXSn'bpw X\Xp \mS-It- h-Zn-bn C¶pw {]ikvXn a§m¯ D¯-a-kr-jvSn-I-fm-Wv. ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bn ]pXnb Ah-X-c-W-co-Xn-IÄ ]co-£n-¡m³ X\Xp-\m-S-I-§Ä¡v km[n-¨p. ZrV-_-²hpw \nb-X-hp-amb inev]w, ]ncn-ap-dp¡w F¶o ]mÝmXy \mSI kt¦-X-§sf ]qÀ®-ambn Dt]-£n-¡p-I bpw CXn-hr¯-¯n Abhv kzoI-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-XmWv X\-Xp-\m-S-I§ - Ä kzoI-cn¨ {][m\ hyXym-kw.

KZy-\m-S-I-§Ä Dt]-£n¨v \r¯-Ko-X-hm-Zy-§sf kzoI-

cn¨p F¶-XmWv Cu \mS-I-§-fpsS Hcp {]tXy-I-X. \mS-It- h-Zn-bn t{]£Isâ ]¦m-fn-¯-ap-−m-¡p-¶-Xn\pw X\-Xp-\ m-SIw {i²n-¨p. 1967-þ imkvXmwtIm-«-bnse H¶m-as¯ \mS-I-¡-f-cn-bn kn.-F³. {ioI-WvT³\m-bc - mWv X\Xp-\m-S-I-thZn F¶ Bibw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨-Xv. At±lw C{]-Im-cs - a-gpXn ""]mÝm-Xy-\m-S-I-th-Znsb t]À¯pw t]À¯pw A\p-I-cn¨p kabw ]mgm¡msX \½psS ]mc-¼-cy-¯nÂ\n¶pw Xnd-bp-sSbpw IY-I-fn-bp-sSbpw tIc-f¯nÂ

{]Xn-jvT-t\-Snb

Huj-[-ho-cyhpw

\mSy-imkv{Xkt¦-X-§-fp-sSbpw

HmPÊpw

DÄs¡m-−mÂ

bnÂ\n¶pw Fgp-t¶-äp-hcpw.''

7

Dd-hI - f - nÂ\n¶p

ae-bm-f-\m-SI - t- hZn

Zo\-¸m-

`c-X-hmIyw Pn. i¦-c¸ - nÅ ]cn-jW \mS-I-¯nsâ hàm-hmb Pn.-i-¦-c-¸nÅ anI¨ \mS-II - r¯pw kwhn-[m-b-I-\p-am-bn-cp-¶p. \mSI¡fcn {]Øm\w ae-bmf \mS-It- h-Zn¡v apt¶m«p t]mIm-\pÅ DuÀPw \ÂInb {]Øm-\-am-bn-cp-¶p. AXnsâ Øm]I-\m-bn-cp¶p Pn. i¦-c-¸n-Å. 1960 Ifn ae-bmf \mS-It- h-Zn-bpsS ]cn-jv¡c - W-§Ä¡mbn \nc-h[n NÀ¨-Ifpw skan-\m-dp-Ifpw If-cn-Ifpw kwL-Sn-¸n-¨p. 1977-þ tImgn-t¡mSv kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bpsS Iogn kvIqÄ Hm^v {Uma Øm]n¨p. AXnsâ ta[m-hn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. 1930  Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw PnÃ-bnse Nndbn³Iogv Xmeq-¡n P\n¨ At±lw 1989 se ]pXp-h-Õ-c-Zn-\¯ - n A´-cn¨p. "ae-bmf \mSI kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw' F¶ At±-l-¯nsâ {KÙw ae-bmf \mS-I-th-Zn¡v anI¨ kw`-h-\-bm-Wv. ]pjv]-In-co-Sw, \n[nbpw \oXnbpw, Kpcp-Z£n-W, Nn{X-i-e-`-§Ä XpS§n Hcp-]mSv \mS-I-§Ä Ip«n-IÄ¡p-th-−n FgpXn. tI{µ- kw-KoX \mSI A¡m-Z-an-bpsS \à \mS-I-Ir-¯n-\pÅ AhmÀUv, tIcf kmlnXy A¡m-Z-an-bpsS \à \mS-I-Ir-¯n-\pÅ AhmÀUv XpS§n Ht«sd ]pc-kv¡m-c-§Ä At±-l-¯n\p e`n-¨p. i¦-c-¸n-Å-bpsS \mS-I-§-fn "`c-X-hmIyw'F¶ \mS-Ia - mWv X\n-t¡ähpw CjvS-s¸-«-sX¶v At±-l-¯nsâ Kpcp-hmb F³.-Ir-jvW¸ - nÅ A`n-{]m-bs¸-Sp-¶p. `c-X-hmIyw I− \ncq-]-I ³ s{]m^-kÀ sI.-Fw.-Xc - I - ³ DSs\ AXv Cw¥o-jn-te¡v XÀPa sNbvXp. \mSIw I− \nc-h[n {]ikvX hyàn-IÄ B \mS-Is¯ Ie-h-d-bn-ÃmsX {]iw-kn-¨p. \mS-Is¯ Kuc-ha - mbn¡mWp¶ \mS-I-kw-L-§Ä `c-X-hmIyw Ct¸mgpw cwK-¯-h-X-cn-¸n-¨p-sIm-−n-cn-¡p-¶p. `c-X-hm-Iy-¯nse IYm-]m-{X-§Ä¡v t]cnà F¶Xv Hcp khn-ti-jX - b - m-Wv. \S³, an{Xw, \Sn, cm{Xn-©-c-·mÀ F¶o IYm-]m-{X-§-fmWv Cu \mS-I¯ - n-ep-

8

Å-Xv. an{Xw \mS-I-I-¼\n amt\-P-cmbpw tUmIvS-dm-bp-saÃmw ]IÀ¶m«w \S¯p-¶p-−v. cwK kÖo-I-c-W-§Ä¡v BÀ`mSw \ÂIm-sX-bmWv Cu \mSIw i¦-c-¸nÅ cNn-¨n-«p-Å-Xv. ]e kwhn-[m-b-Icpw X§Ä¡v tNcp¶ hn[-¯n cwK-¯-h-X-cn-¸n-¨n-«p-−v. A¦w H¶v \Ssâ apdn-bn-emWv \mSIw Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv. ImgvN \jvSa - mb \Ss\ \mSI I¼-\n-bn \n¶v ]ncn-¨p-hn-Sp-¶p. am\-kn-I-ambn henb {]bmkw t\cn« AbmÄ apdn-bn h¶v sskzcy-am-bn-cn-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶p.

Abm-fpsS

an{Xw Abm-tfmSv kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. AXn-eqsS \Ssâ Pohn-X¯ - n kw`-hn¨ Zpc-´-§fpw B Zpc-´-§-fn-eqsS \S³ F§s\ Cu Ah-Øb - n-se-¯nsb¶pw Cu A¦¯n-eqsS hyà-am-Ip-¶p. ImgvN \jvS-amb Imcys¯ ]cmaÀin-¨p-sIm−v an{Xw kwkm-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ \S³ Akz-Ø-\m-Ip-¶p. XpSÀ¶v an{Xw \Ssâ _mey-Im-e-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw hoSn-s\-¡p-dn¨pw A½-sb-¡p-dn-¨psaÃmw ]d-bp-¶p. \S³ B HmÀ½-I-fn XS-ªp-\n¶v A½ acn-¨n«v ih-Zm-l¯n-\p-t]mepw t]mIm-¯Xv HmÀ¡p-¶p. A½-bpsS NnÃn« Nn{Xw ImgvN] - qÀ®ambn ad-bp-¶-Xn\p ap¼v AbmÄ ImWp-¶p. ac-W-k-a-b¯pw B A½ Xsâ aIs\ At\z-jn¨psIm-−n-cp-¶Xv an{Xw \Ss\ HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-¶p. an{Xw \mSII¼\n amt\-P-cmbn thjw amdp-t¼mÄ AhnsS \Sn {]thin¨v \Ss\ At\z-jn-¡p-Ibpw Abmsf CjvS-am-sW¶v ]d-bp-I bpw sN¿p¶p. \S³ AXv XÅn-¡-f-bp-¶p. an{Xw Abmsf kam-[m-\n-¸n-¡p-¶p. sseä-W¨v Dd-¡-¯n-te¡v t]mIp-¶p.

\S³

an{Xw Hcp sIm¨p-Ip-ªn-s\-sb-¶ -

t]mse ]pX-¸n-¡p-¶p. B Ccp-«n AhÀ kwkmcw XpS-cp-¶p. GI ktlm-Zc - n¡v Hcp Hm¸-tdj³ th−n-h-¶Xpw B ka-b¯v tUmIvSÀ Agn¨p sImSp¯ ktlm-Zc - n-

9

bpsS ame-bp-ambn \o IS-¶p-I-f-ªntà F¶v an{Xw \S-t\mSv tNmZn-¡p-¶p. `À¯mhv ASp-¯n-Ãm-Xn-cp-¶n«pw klm-bn-t¡− D¯-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ap-− m-bn«pw B ka-b¯v \o H¶pw sNbvXn-Ã. ac-W-¯n\pw Pohn-X-¯n\pw CS-bn-epÅ kwLÀj-k-a-b¯v ktlm-Z-cnsb Dt]-£n¨v t]m¶-h-\mWv \o F¶v ]dªv an{Xw \Ss\ kwLÀj-¯n-em-¡p-¶p.

\S³ AtXmsS Xsâ Pohn-X¯ - nsâ

]m]-t_m-[-¯n-te¡v sN¶p-ho-gp-¶p. an{Xw ho−pw Abm-tfmSv kwkm-cn-¨psIm-−n-cn-¡p-¶p. an{Xw ktlm-Zcn `À¯m-hmbn amdp-¶p. ame-bp-ambn ktlmZ-cn-bpsS ho«n sN¶v am¸p ]d-bm³ \S³ {ian-¡p-¶p. AXv ]cm-Pb - s - ¸-Sp-¶Xmbn cwK-¯-v \n¶v a\-Ên-em-¡mw. an{Xw A{]-Xy-£-\m-Ip¶ ka-b¯v \S³ Ipcp-t£{X¯nse IYm-]pcp-j-\mb Zptcym-[-\-\ mbn amdp-¶p.

\Sn ]m©m-en-bmbpw KmÔm-cn-bmbpw

{]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p. \S-t\mSv bp²-¯n-tâbpw ac-W-¯n-tâbpw Imc-W-§s - f-¡pdn¨v {Ip²-bm-Ip-¶p.

hoc-kzÀ¤s¯ ]cn-l-kn-¡p-¶p.

\S³ KmÔm-cnsb

\mSI \Sn-bmbn sXän-²-cn-¡p-¶p. \Sn-bp-ambn Ub-temKv sXän-s¨¶ {]iv\ap-−m-Ip-¶p. \S\pw \Snbpw hg-¡n-Sp-¶p. kpaXn F¶ B \Sn acn¨pt]mbXmbn sSe{Kmw e`n-¡p-¶p. Aev]w ap¼p hsc kpa-Xn-bpsS t]cp a{´n¨p sIm−n-cp¶ \S³ XfÀ¶p-ho-gp-¶p. B cwKw \nco-£n¨p sIm−n-cp¶ cm{Xn©-c-·m-cn-sem-cp-h³

kt´m-j-t¯msS

AhnsS

\n¶v

t]mIp-¶p.

\S³

"kpaXn', "shfn¨w' F¶n-§s\ a{´n-¡p-¶p. Abm-fmsI XfÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. an{Xw I®m-Sn-bn Nmcn-\n¶v Hcp knK-cäv I¯n-¡p-¶-tXmsS A¦w Ah-km\n-¡p-¶p. A¦w c−v sXcp-hn-\-Sp¯v \Ssâ apdn. ]I ka-bw. Xsâ ]I-ep-IÄ XoÀ¶p F¶v \S³ thZ-\n-¡p-¶p. ImgvN-\jvSw Abmsf Xo{h-th-Z\ - b - n-em-¡p-¶p.

10

kpa-Xn-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ

HmÀ½-IÄ

Abmsf

th«-bm-Sp-¶p-−v.

HmÀ½-If - nÂ

Ab¡m-cn-bmb B ImapIn \nd-ªp-\n¡p-I-bm-Wv. DXv¡S- a - mbn kvt\ln¨n-cp-s¶-¦nepw AXp Xncn-¨-dn-bm³ Xs¶ Ign-ªn-cp-¶n-à F¶ kXyhpw \S\v a\Ên-em-Ip-¶p. F¦nepw Imap-Insb ImWm³ `À¯m-hnsâ ho«n-te¡v \S³ IS¶p sNÃp-¶ p. Imap-In¡v Ip«n-I-fm-bn-«p-−mhpw F¶p IcpXn B Ip«n-IÄ¡v Ifn-¸m-«-§Ä hm§n-bmWv AbmÄ t]mb-Xv. Ahn-sS-sb-¯pt¼mÄ AhÀ¡v Ip«n-I-fn-Ã. AhÀ AXp-sIm−p Xs¶ hnc-àc - m-bn-cn-¡p-Ibm-Wv.

Cu ka-b¯v cwK¯v Imap-In-bpsS `À¯m-hmbn amdp-¶Xv \S³

Xs¶-bm-Wv. \Sn-bmWv Imap-In-bm-hp-¶-Xv. Xsâ Imap-Insb AbmÄ Bcm-[\-tbmsS AXy-[nIw kvt\ln-¨p. H¶p sXmSm³ t]mepw Bcm-[\ A[n-Ic - n¨-Xp-sIm−v AbmÄ¡v km[n-¨n-Ã. an{Xw ]d-bp-¶Xv \S-\m _em-Xv¡mcw sN¿-s¸-Sm³ ImapIn B{K-ln-¨n-cn¡mw F¶m-Wv. AXnsâ XpSÀ¨-bmbn \S³ kpa-Xnsb Bcm-[-\-tbmsS t\m¡n ImWp-Ibpw an{Xw kpa-Xnsb _emXv¡mcw sN¿p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. \Ssâ Bß-amWv an{Xw. Cu Bßw \S-\n BZÀi hyàn-Xz-am-bn-cn-¡p-Ibpw AtX kabw Abm-fn {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ \oN hyànXzw kpa-Xnsb _em-Xv¡mcw sN¿p-Ibpw sN¿p¶p F¶v hymJym-\n-¡mw. kpaXn F¶ ImapIn \S-t\mSv \n§Ä AÔ-\m-Wv. i¸³ F¶v ]dªv B«n-¸p-d-¯m-¡p-¶p. kpa-Xn-bpsS im]-amWv X\n¡p h¶ptNÀ¶ AÔ-Xbv¡v Imc-W-sa¶v \S³ Icp-Xp-¶p. ChnsS ]cn-ip-²{- ]-Wb - ¯nsâ kwLÀj-§fpw {]mtbm-KnI Pohn-X-¯nsâ bmYmÀ°y-§fpw Gäp-ap«p-¶Xp ImWmw. \S³ I¿n In«nb hkvXp-sIm−v Bsª-dn-bp-¶Xv Xsâ an{X-s¯-bm-sW-¦nepw cwKw Ccp-fp-t¼mÄ 'lm' F¶ tcmZ\w \S-\n \n¶pw ]pd-s¸-Sp-¶Xv tIÄ¡p-¶p. an{X-¯nsâ Dd-s¡-bpÅ Nncn-tbmsS c−ma¦w Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

11

A¦w aq¶v Ignª cwK-¯nsâ XpSÀ¨-bmbn Cu cwK-¯n Xe-bn _m³tUPp sI«n Hcp ]pX¸pw ]pX¨v Itk-c-bn-en-cn-¡p¶ \S³. ]n¶n an{Xw. cm{Xn, cm{Xn-©-c-·mÀ F¯n-bn-«n-Ã. ImgvN\jvS-¯n {]bm-k-s¸-Sp¶ \S³ kpaXnsb¡pdn¨v an{X-t¯mSv kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. AhÄ \n\-¡m-cm-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v an{Xw \S-t\mSv tNmZn-¡p-¶p. AhÀ X½n-epÅ _Ô-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v, AXnsâ bmYmÀ°y-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v an{Xw \S-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p. \Sn \S-t\mSv ho−pw ho−pw Xsâ AKm[ {]Wbw Xpd¶p ]d-bpIbpw Fhn-sS-¡m-sW-¦nepw Xs¶ Iq«n-s¡m−p t]mI-W-sa¶pw ]d-bp-¶p. GXp Xobn-te-¡m-sW-¦nepw Xm³ hcm-sa¶pw AhÄ \S-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p. F¶m \S³ Cu temI-t¯¡v Xm³ GI-\ m-bmWv h¶-sX¶pw GI-\ mbv Xs¶ t]mIm³ B{K-ln-¡p¶p F¶pw ]d-bp-¶p. an{Xw kw`m-jW - ¯ - n-\n-Sbn cq]w amdn \Ssâ A½m-h-\mbn {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p. A½m-h ³ \mS-I¯nsâ temIw Dt]-£n¨v hcm\pw a\p-jy-\mbn I¨-hSw sNbvXv Pohn¡m\pw \Ss\ D]-tZ-in-¡p-¶p. ]gb Imcy-§Ä ]dªv AhÀ ]c-kv]cw \ock-¯n-em-Ip-¶p. F¦nepw A½m-h³ IqsS hcm-sa-¦n aI-sftbm asämcp s]¬¡p-«n-tbtbm hnhmlw

sNbvXp sImSp-¡m-sa¶pw I¨-hSw XpS-§m-

\pÅ ]Ww \ÂIm-sa¶pw ]d-bp-¶p. \S³ F´p k¼m-Zn¨p F¶pÅ tNmZy¯n\v Xsâ \mS-I-{`m-´p-Xs¶bmWv Xsâ k¼m-Zy-sa¶v adp-]Sn ]d-bp-¶p. an{Xw \Ss\ apt¶m«p \bn-¡p-¶p. AbmÄ \nc-´cw Ipä-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶ps−-¦nepw AhÀ X½n A`n-{]mb hyXym-k-ap-s−-¦nepw [À½-]p-{XÀ bm{X sNbvX alm-{]-Øm-\-¯n-te¡v an{Xw \Ss\ \bn-¡p-¶p. Db-c§ - f - n-se-¯pt¼mÄ XWp¸v kln-¡m-\m-hmsX ]pX¸p ]pX¨v AbmÄ an{X-¯nsâ tXmfn Nmbp-¶p. e£y-Øm-\-s¯-¯nb \S\v Ahn-Sps¯ shÅn shfn¨w

12

kln-¡m-\m-hmsX I®p-IÄ Cdp-¡n-b-S-t¡-−n-h-cp-¶p. an{Xw AbmÄ¡v ImgvN-IÄ hnh-cn-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶p. B ka-b¯v an{X-¯nsâ `mhw ss]im-NnI-ambn Xocp-¶p-−v. alm-{]-Øm-\-¯n-te-¡pÅ...