Osteology Lab for students PDF

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Summary

Bones lab
Dr. Claire Terhune...

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YOUR NAME:_______________________

LAB SECTION:__________________

Human Osteology Appendix A in the textbook is a helpful resource, as is the supplement uploaded to Blackboard. Objectives: After the lab, you should be able to: •

Identify the major bones of the human body by name, location, and shape.

•

Describe the different types of human teeth and how they function.

•

Identify the anatomical planes of the body.

•

Correctly orient the body in standard anatomical position.

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Locate the major muscles of mastication.

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Describe the types of motion that occur at joints between bones.

Station 1: The Skull Instructions: Examine the skull at this station noting that the skull is made up of many bones joined by sutures. 1. Which bones make up the cranial vault (bones surrounding the brain)?

2. Which bones make up the face?

3. For each of the following bones, identify whether the bone is paired or singular: Maxilla – Zygomatic – Mandible – Frontal – 1

Parietal – Temporal – Occipital – Sphenoid – 4. For each of the following sutures, identify the bones that articulate at the suture. Coronal – Sagittal – Lambdoidal – Squamosal – 5. Locate the foramen magnum. 5a. Through which bone does the foramen magnum pass?

5b. What soft-tissue feature passes through the foramen magnum?

6. Which two bones comprise the zygomatic arch?

7. The temporalis muscle, a muscle of mastication, originates from the cranium and inserts on the mandible. 7a. List the bones from which the temporalis originates.

7b. What is the name of the raised ridge of bone that demarcates the limit of the temporalis’ origin?

7c. The temporalis muscle travels beneath the zygomatic arch, through a space called the temporal foramen. Some species have a large temporal foramen, while other species have a smaller temporal foramen. What can you infer about the strength of the

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temporalis muscle? Would a larger temporalis be found in species with softer diets or in species that eat hard/tough items?

8. From which bones does the masseter muscle originate and insert?

9. Examine the unknown bone fragments and identify them? a. ______________________ b. ______________________ c. ______________________

Station 2: The Dentition 1. Count the number of cusps (points) on each tooth type. Does each type have cusps? Does the number of cusps differ between the maxillary (upper) and mandibular (lower) dentition? Incisor: Canine: Premolar: Molar: 2. Which bones anchor the teeth?

3. How do you use your incisors to acquire food?

4. How do you process food with your premolars and molars?

5. A dental formula describes the number and types of teeth found in the maxilla and mandible. To calculate the dental formula, count up the number of incisors, canines, premolars, and molars in each half of the maxilla and mandible at write it like this (#maxillary incisors: # maxillary canines: number of maxillary premolars: number of maxillary molars/#mandibular

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incisors: # mandibular canines: number of mandibular premolars: number of mandibular molars). For example, for a capuchin monkey the dental formula is 2:1:3:3/2:1:3:3 5a. What is the adult human dental formula?

5b. What is the dental formula for an adult chimpanzee?

5c. What is the dental formula for an adult gorilla?

5d. How do the canines chimpanzees and gorillas differ from that of a human?

5e. What is the dental formula for this monkey?

Station 3: The Upper Limb Identify the following elements of the upper limb and Hand: clavicle, scapula, humerus, ulna, radius and hand (carpals, metacarpals & phalanges). Use the articulated skeleton or the figure on p 484 in your text book. 1.

With which bone does the humerus articulate at the shoulder?

2.

What is the name of the rounded ball at the proximal end of the humerus?

3.

With which two bones of shoulder girdle does the scapula articulate?

4.

With which bones does the humerus articulate at the elbow?

5.

In standard anatomical position, do the radius and ulna lie proximal or distal to the humerus?

6.

In standard anatomical position, does the radius lie lateral or medial to the ulna?

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7.

With which group of bones do the ulna and radius articulate with in the wrist?

8.

The bones in the palm of the hand are called what?

9.

The bones of the fingers are called what?

10. Examine the unknown bone fragments and identify them. a.

______________________

b. ______________________ c. ______________________

Station 4: The Lower Limb Identify the following elements of the lower limb: os coxa (illium, pubis & ischium), femur, patella, tibia, fibula and foot (tarsals, metatarsals & phalanges). For each element, determine its correct anatomical position. Use the articulated skeleton or the figure on p. 484 in your text book. 1. The femur articulates with which bone on its proximal end?

2. The rounded ball at the proximal end of the femur is called what?

3. The femur articulates with which TWO bones on its distal end?

4. In standard anatomical position, does the patella lie anterior or posterior to the femur?

5. In standard anatomical position, does the tibia lie lateral or medial to the fibula?

6. The tibia and fibula articulate with which group of bones in the ankle?

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7. Which bones make up the toes?

8. What bones lie between the phalanges and the tarsals?

9. Examine the unknown bone fragments and identify them? a.

______________________

b. ______________________ c. ______________________

Station 5. Vertebral Column, Ribs, and Sternum The vertebral column is divided into five sections: cervical (7 in number), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5, fused together), and coccygeal (usually 4, sometimes fused together). Identify each vertebral section in the articulated column. Each individual has 24 ribs with 3 types: True ribs (ribs 1-7), False ribs (ribs 8-10), Floating ribs (11 & 12th rib). The sternum is made up of 3 elements: manubrium, body, xiphoid process. Identify each type of rib and the segments of the sternum. 1. The first two cervical vertebrae are different from the other cervicals. Identify one major difference in shape: 1a. Atlas (first cervical):

1b. Axis (second cervical):

2. With which bone of the cranium does the atlas articulate?

3. Compare cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, and identify at least two features that distinguish each type: 3a. Cervical:

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3b. Thoracic:

3c. Lumbar:

4. Examine the sacrum, and identify how it articulates with the two innominate bones (os coxae) to form the pelvic girdle. 4a. With which bone of the os coxa does the sacrum articulate?

4b. With which class of vertebrae does the sacrum articulate superiorly?

4c. With which class of vertebrae does the sacrum articulate inferiorly?

Use the articulated skeleton to answer the following questions. 5. The ribs articulate with which class of vertebrae on the posterior (dorsal) side of the body?

6. The ribs articulate with which bone on the anterior (ventral) side of the body?

7. What is the major difference between the true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs?

8. How does the 1st rib differ from other true ribs?

9. Examine the unknown bone fragments and identify them. a. ________________________________ b. ________________________________ c. ________________________________ d. ________________________________ e. ________________________________ 7...