MCAT bros final - Notes for Clss PDF

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Notes for Clss
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MCAT2015 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES REVIEW

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Table&of&Contents& NOTE:&“x”&before&the&topic&means&it&refers&to¬es&elsewhere& Visual&Cues!...........................................................................................................................................................!8! Sensory&Adaptation!..........................................................................................................................................!10! Weber’s&Law!......................................................................................................................................................!10! Absolute&Threshold&of&Sensation!...................................................................................................................!11! Somatosensation!..............................................................................................................................................!11! The&Vestibular&System!.....................................................................................................................................!12! Signal&Detection&Theory&–&Part&1!....................................................................................................................!13! Signal&Detection&Theory&–&Part&2!....................................................................................................................!14! Bottom-Up&vs.&Top-Down&Processing!............................................................................................................!15! Gestalt&Principles!..............................................................................................................................................!15! Structure&of&the&Eye!..........................................................................................................................................!17! Visual&Sensory&Information!.............................................................................................................................!19! The&Phototransduction&Cascade!.....................................................................................................................!21! Photoreceptors&(Rods&and&Cones)!.................................................................................................................!23! Photoreceptor&Distribution&in&Retina!............................................................................................................!24! Visual&Field&Processing!.....................................................................................................................................!25! Feature&Detection&and&Parallel&Processing!...................................................................................................!26! Auditory&Structure&–&Part&1!.............................................................................................................................!27! Auditory&Structure&–&Part&2!.............................................................................................................................!29! Auditory&Processing!..........................................................................................................................................!30! xSomatosensation!............................................................................................................................................!31! Sensory&Adaptation&and&Amplification!.........................................................................................................!32! Somatosensory&Homunculus!..........................................................................................................................!32! Proprioception&and&Kinaesthesia!...................................................................................................................!32! Pain&and&Temperature!.....................................................................................................................................!33! Pheromones!.......................................................................................................................................................!33! Olfaction&–&Structure&and&Function!................................................................................................................!34! Gustation&–&Structure&and&Function!...............................................................................................................!35! States&of&Consciousness!...................................................................................................................................!38! Sleep&Stages&and&Circadian&Rhythms!.............................................................................................................!38! Dreaming!............................................................................................................................................................!40! Dream&Theories&–&Freud&and&Activation&Synthesis&Hypothesis!.................................................................!41! Sleep&Disorders!.................................................................................................................................................41 ! ! xBreathing-Related&Sleep&Disorders!..............................................................................................................!42! Hypnosis&and&Meditation!................................................................................................................................!42! Overview&of&Psychoactive&Drugs!....................................................................................................................!43! Psychoactive&Drugs:&Depressants&and&Opiates!............................................................................................!45! Psychoactive&Drugs:&Stimulants!.....................................................................................................................46 ! ! Psychoactive&Drugs:&Hallucinogens!................................................................................................................!47! Drug&Dependence&and&Homeostasis!..............................................................................................................!47! Routes&of&Drug&Entry!........................................................................................................................................!48! Reward&Pathway&in&the&Brain!.........................................................................................................................!49! Tolerance&and&Withdrawal!..............................................................................................................................!50! !

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Substance&Use&Disorders!.................................................................................................................................!50! Treatments&and&Triggers&for&Drug&Dependence!..........................................................................................52 ! ! Divided&Attention,&Selective&Attention,&In-attentional&Blindness,&and&Change&Blindness!...................!54! Theories&of&Selective&Attention!......................................................................................................................!56! The&Spotlight&Model&of&Attention&and&Multitasking!...................................................................................!58! Information&Processing&Model:&Sensory,&Working,&and&Long-term&Memory!.........................................!59! Encoding&Strategies!..........................................................................................................................................!63! Retrieval&Cues!....................................................................................................................................................!64! Retrieval&Cues:&Free&Recall,&Cued&Recall,&and&Recognition!........................................................................!65! Memory&Reconstruction,&Source&Monitoring,&and&Emotional&Memories!...............................................!66! Decay&and&Interference!...................................................................................................................................!67! Aging&and&Cognitive&Abilities!..........................................................................................................................!68! Alzheimer’s&Disease&and&Korsakoff&syndrome!.............................................................................................!69! Semantic!Networks!and!Spreading!Activation!....................................................................................!71! Piaget’s!Stages!of!Cognitive!Development!............................................................................................!72! Schemas,!Assimilation!and!Accommodation!.......................................................................................75 ! ! Problem!Solving!.............................................................................................................................................!76! Decision!Making!............................................................................................................................................!77! Semantic!Networks!and!Spreading!Activation!....................................................................................!79! Intelligence!......................................................................................................................................................!79! Theories!of!Intelligence!..............................................................................................................................!81! Aging!and!Cognitive!Abilities!....................................................................................................................!83! Language!and!the!Brain:!Aphasia!and!Split-Brain!Patients!............................................................!83! Theories!of!Language!and!Cognition!......................................................................................................!86! Theories!of!Language!Development:!Nativist,!Learning,!Interactionist!.....................................!88! Language!Components!(not!a!video)/Other!language!......................................................................!89! Emotions:!Limbic!System!............................................................................................................................!90! Emotions:!Cerebral!Hemispheres!and!Prefrontal!Cortex!................................................................!91! Autonomic!Nervous!System!(ANS)!and!Physiological!Markers!of!Emotion!...............................!92! Three!Components!of!Emotion!and!the!Universal!Emotions!.........................................................!93! Theories!of!Emotion!.....................................................................................................................................!94! What!is!Stress?!...............................................................................................................................................98 ! ! Stressors!...........................................................................................................................................................!99! Responding!to!Stress!....................................................................................................................................!99! Physical!Effects!of!Stress!..........................................................................................................................!100! Behavioural!Effects!of!Stress!..................................................................................................................!101! Stress!Management!....................................................................................................................................!102! Types!of!Maladaptive!Coping!Mechanisms:!.......................................................................................!104! Structure!of!the!Nervous!System!...........................................................................................................!105! Functions!of!the!Nervous!System!..........................................................................................................!106! Motor!Unit!.....................................................................................................................................................!106! Peripheral!Somatosensation!..................................................................................................................!106! Muscle!Stretch!Reflex!................................................................................................................................!108! ANS!(No!Conscious!Involvement)!..........................................................................................................!108! Gray!and!White!Matter!.............................................................................................................................!109! Upper!Motor!Neurons!...............................................................................................................................!109! Somatosensory!Tracts!..............................................................................................................................!109! Overview!of!the!Functions!of!the!Cerebral!Cortex.!.........................................................................!110! !

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Hemisphere!Differences!and!Hemisphere!Dominance!.................................................................!111! The!Old!Brain!...............................................................................................................................................!112! Cerebellum!...................................................................................................................................................!112! Brainstem!.....................................................................................................................................................!112! Subcortical!Cerebrum!...............................................................................................................................!114! Neurotransmitter!Anatomy!....................................................................................................................!115! Types!of!Neurotransmitters:!..................................................................................................................!116! Early!Methods!of!Studying!the!Brain!...................................................................................................!118! Lesion!Studies!and!Experimental!Ablation!.......................................................................................!119! Modern!Ways!of!Studying!the!Brain!....................................................................................................!120! Endocrine!System!and!Influence!on!Behaviour!–!Parts!1!&!2!.....................................................!121! Egg,!Sperm,!Fertilization:!.........................................................................................................................!123! Implantation!................................................................................................................................................!124! Germ!Layer!Derivatives!...........................................................................................................................!124! Gestation!.......................................................................................................................................................!124! Major!Motor!Milestones!...........................................................................................................................!125! Motor!Development!...................................................................................................................................!125! Neonatal!Reflexes!.......................................................................................................................................!126! Physical!Development!in!Adolescence!................................................................................................!126! Brain!Changes!During!Adolescence!.....................................................................................................!127! Temperament,!Heredity,!and!Genes!....................................................................................................!128! Twin!Studies!and!Adoption!Studies!.....................................................................................................!129! Heritability!...................................................................................................................................................!132! Regulatory!Genes!.......................................................................................................................................!133! Gene!Environment!Interaction!..............................................................................................................!134! Adaptive!Value!of!Behavioral!Traits!....................................................................................................!135! Physiological!Concept!of!Positive!and!Negative!Feedback!...........................................................!136! Instincts,!Arousal,!Needs,!Drives:!Drive-Reduction!and!Cognitive!Theories!.........................!136! Maslow’s!Hierarchy!of!Needs!.................................................................................................................!138! Incentive!Theory!........................................................................................................................................!139! Biological!and!Sociocultural!Factors!–!Food,!Sex,!and!Drugs!......................................................!139! Components!of!Attitude!...........................................................................................................................!141! Attitudes!Influence!Behavior!.................................................................................................................!142! Behavior!Influences!Attitude!.................................................................................................................!144! Cognitive!Dissonance!Theory!.....................................................................................