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Pur po s eo fLa w Thepur pos eoft hel a wi st o : i . Re s o l v ed i s p ut e s . i i .Ke e pt hep e a c e . i i i .Pr e s e r v ea nde n f o r c ec o mmun i t yv a l ue s . i v . En s u r et h a tr e s o u r c e sa ndo ppo r t u ni t i e sa r ed i s t r i bu t e df a i r l ywi t h i nac ommu ni t y ( I ,i i ,i i i , i v) Apar t i c ul a rl a wmi ghtbec ha ng e dbe c aus eof i . Ac ha n g ei ngo v e r n me nt . i i .Cha n gi n gs oc i a la ndmo r a lv a l ue s . i i i .Ol dl e g i s l a t i ona u t oma t i c a l l ye x p i r i n g . i v . Thei n v e n t i o nofn e wt e c hn ol o gi e s . ( I ,i i ,i v) Whi c ho ft hef o l l o wi ngs t at e me nt sbe s tde s c r i be st hemai npur pos eofl a wsmadet or e gul at et he c o mme r c i ale nv i r onme nt ,s uc ha st heCo mpe t i t i ona ndCo ns ume rAc t2 010( Ct h) ? La wst ha tr e g u l a t et hec o mme r c i a le n vi r onme nta r ema d ewi t ht hea i m of : Pr o mot i n gf a i r ne s s ,e ffic e n c ta ndc e r t a i n i t yi nbus i ne s s ,b a l a nc i n gt her i ght sa ndr e s p o ns i b i l i t e soft he p a r t i e st ob us i n e s st r a n s a c t i onaa ndd e t e r r i n ga ndr e s o l v i ngdi s put e s . Onef unc t i o no fl a wi st oe nc our ag ebe ha v i ourt ha tbe ne fit ss o c i e t ya sawho l e .Wi t ht hi si smi nd, ho wmanyar e asofl a wi mpac t e do ny out hi smor ni ng, asanRMI TUni v e r s i t ys t ude nt ,i fy o ug o t dr e s s e d, at ebr e akf as t ,c aughtat r ai nt oMe l bo ur newhi l el i s t e ni ngt omus i candt e x t i ngy o ur f r i e ndf ort heans we r st oy ourCo mme r c i alLa wt ut o r i alque s t i ons .us e daLi br a r yc o mput e rt o l o oka tFac e bookandat t e nde dy o urt ut o r i al ?Whi c hi st hebe s ta ns we r ? Atl e a s ts i xa r e a sofl a wi mp a c t e do nme 1 .Imu s twe a rc l o t hi n gi npu bl i c : 2 .Ie s t a bl i s h e dr i g h t sa n dr e s p ons i bi l i t i e sr e g a r di n gt hep ur c h a s eofmyc l o t h e s ,b r e a kf a s tc e r e a l ,t r a i n t i c k e t , I po da ndpho nes e r vi c e : 3 .t heq ua l i t yofmybr e a kf a s tc e r e a li ss ub j e c tt oh e a l t ha n dt o r t l a ws : 4 .t hec e r e a lpa c k a gi n gi ss u bj e c tt oa d ve r t i s i n gl a ws : 5 .mybe h a vi ouro nt h et r a i na ndI nt e r n e tus ewa r es ub j e c tt oc r i mi n a ll a w: 6 .a n dt hes a f e t yo ft h et r a i na ndRMI Tsbu i l d i n g sa ndgr o und si ss ub j e c tt oo c c up a t i ona lh e a l t ha n d s a f e t yl a w. Whi c ho ft hef o l l o wi ngwoul dno tber e g a r de dasapur pos eoft hel a w? En c ou r a g i n gt hea r b i t r a r ye x e r c i s eofpo we r . ' J us t i c e 'c anbe s tbeunde r s t o odas : Fa i r n e s s I de al l yt hel a ws houl d: Bec e r t a i n,fle x i b l e ,a c c e s s i bl ea ndf a i r Whi c hoft hef o l l o wi ngdo e snotde s c r i bet her e l at i ons hi pbe t we e nl a wa ndj us t i c e ? I far u l ei sun j u s ti ti sn ot l e g a l l ybi nd i ng Thel a wi sal i v i ng, gr o wi ngt hi ngt ha tc ons t a nt l yc ha ng e s .Whi c hoft hef o l l o wi ngc annotbe r e g ar de da saf o r c ef o rc hang e ? Th enot i ono fc e r t a i ni t yt ha tma i nt a i nst h a tp e op l es ho u l dber e a s on a bl yc e r t a i noft he i rl e g a lr i gh t s LadyJus t i c ei st heRo ma ng o dde s sofj us t i c eandape r s oni fic at i o no fj us t i c ei nt hel e g als y s t e m. Shei sde pi c t e dbe a r i ngas e tofs c al e s . The s es c al e sar ede s i gne dt or e pr e s e nt : Th ewa ywhi c hj us t i c eba l a nc e st heo ppo s i n ga r gume nt sofl i t i g a nt s

Whi c hi ft hef ol l o wi ngi snotake yf e at ur eofl a w? Ap pr o v e db yt h ec ou r t . Co mmo nLa w& St at ut or yLa w Whi c hoft hef o l l o wi ngs t at e me nt sbe s tde s c r i be st hedi ffe r e nc ei nho ws t at ut el a wa ndc ommon l a war ema de ? St a t ut el a wi se na c t e dl a w,ma deb yt h eCommon we a l t ha nds t a t ePa r l i a me nt s ,t h r o u ghar i g o r ous p r oc e s sofs c r ut i n y , pa r l i a me nt a r ypr oc e du r e ,d e ba t ea nda gr e e me nt .Th ec ommonl a w,whi c hi n c l ude s e q ui t y ,i st hebo dyo fp r i n c i pl e swhi c hh a v ec omef r o m de c i s i on sma deb yj ud g e s .wh oi nt e r p r e ta nd a ppl yt hel a wt oc a s e sbr oug ht be f or et h ec o ur t s Thel a wo fc ont r a c ti nAus t r a l i ai sl ar g e l ybas e donc ommonl a w,t ha ti s ,j udg e ma de ,pr i nc i pl e s . Thi sme a nst ha tanunde r s t andi ngo fc ont r ac tl a wr e qui r e sanunde r s t andi ngo fho wc ommonl a w pr i nc i pl e sar ede v e l ope di nAus t r a l i a. Whi c hoft hef o l l o wi ngde s c r i pt i o nsbe s te xpl ai nst hede v e l opme nto ft hec ommo nl a wi n Aus t r al i a? Commo nl a w, a l s oc a l l e dc a s el a wo rj ud g e ma d el a w,i sd e v e l ope do v e rt i meb yj ud g e si nc our t sa st he y d e c l a r eho wpa s tde c i s i o na pp l yt ot h ef a c t so fn e wc a s e sora st h e yi nt e r p r e tt h eme a ni n go fl e g i s t r a t i on a nda p pl yi tt oc a s e s . Thel a wo fc ont r a c ti nAus t r a l i ai sl ar g e l ybas e donc ommonl a w,t ha ti s ,j udg e ma de ,pr i nc i pl e s . Thi sme a nst ha tanunde r s t andi ngo fc ont r ac tl a wr e qui r e sanunde r s t andi ngo fho wc ommonl a w pr i nc i pl e sar ede v e l ope di nAus t r a l i a. Whi c hoft hef o l l o wi ngde s c r i pt i o nsbe s te xpl ai nst hede v e l opme nto ft hec ommo nl a wi n Aus t r al i a? Commo nl a w, a l s oc a l l e dc a s el a wo rj ud g e ma d el a w,i sd e v e l ope do v e rt i meb yj ud g e si nc our t sa st he y d e c a l r eh o wp a s tde c i s i o na pp l yt ot h ef a c t sofne wc a s e sora st he yi n t e pr e tt heme a ni n gofl e gi s t r a t i on a nda p pl yi tt oc a s e s . Aus t r al i a ' sl e g als y s t e mi sac o mmo nl a wl e gals y s t e m ba s e do nt he : Br i t i s hl e ga ls y s t e m. Whi c hoft hef o l l o wi ngpr o vi de st hemos tc ompl e t ede fini t i o no fl a wi nAus t r al i a? La wi sas y s t e mo fe nf o r c e a bl er ul e se s t a b l i s he d,a dmi ni s t e r e da n da p pl i e db yt heCo mmo n we a l t h, s t a t e a ndt e r r i t or yg o v e r n me n t swi t ht hea i mo fc r e a t i n gc ohe s i v ebe h a vi ou r sa n ds t a nda r dsi ns oc i e t y . I nac ommonl a wl e g als y s t e m: Th et woma i ns our c e so fl a wa r el e g i s l a t i ona ndc a s el a w. Whi c hoft hef o l l o wi ngi snotapo s s i bl ede fini t i o no ft het e r m' c ommonl a w' ? La wt ha twa sma deb yt h eCo mmonCou r t . I nc our t swi t hi nac ommonl a wl e g als y s t e m, di s put er e s ol ut i o ni sc a r r i e douti na c c or da nc ewi t h: Th ea dv e r s a r i a ls y s t e m.

Co mme nc e me ntDa t eofanAc t& Ac tame ndme nt Whe nus e di nal e g alc ont e xtt het e r m' bi c a me r al 'r e f e r st o: Th epa r l i a me n tc o ns i s t i n goft woHo u s e s , a nUp pe ra ndaLo we rHo us e Whati st hec omme nc e me ntdat eo fanAc ta ndwhyi si ti mpor t ant ?Whi c hi st hebe s ta ns we r ? Th ec omme nc e me n td a t eofa nAc t ,o rp a r tofa nAc t , i st heda t ef r o ma nAc tha sl e g a le ffe c t .The r ewi l l b eas e c . .i nt heAc tt h a ts t a t e st hec o mme nc e me n td a t eo rr ha tt heAc twi l lb efixe db ypr o c l i ma t i o non ac e r t a i nd a t e , t h a ti s ,p r o c l a i me db yt heGo v e r n or Ge n e r a lorSt a t eGo v e r n or .Yo une e dt okn o wt h e c omme r e nc e me n tda t eo fa nAc tt od e t e r mi n ei fi tpa p l i e st oapa r t i c ul a rf a c ts c e n a r i o Whyi si ti mpor t a ntt okno wt hec omme nc e me ntdat eo fa nAc twhe ny ouar ea ppl yi ngi tt os ol v ea l e g a lpr obl e m? I ti si mp or t a n tt okno wt hec omme nc e me ntda t eo fa nAc to rpa r to fa nAc t ,b e c a u s ei twi l lon l ya ppl y t oal e g a lp r ob l e mi ft h ef a c t so c c u r r e dwh i l et h eAc twa sop e r a t i v e . Whi c hoft hef o l l o wi ngs t at e me nt si sno tc or r e c t ?Le gi s l a t i onc o mme nc e s : I fi ti sSt a t eo rTe r r i t o r yl e gi s l a t i o na n dt h el e g i s l a t i oni ss l i e n tonc omme nc e me n t , wi t h i n28da y so f r e c e i vi n gt h eRo y a lAs s e ntoft h eGo v e r n e r Ge n e r a l . Whi c hoft hef o l l o wi nga ns we r sbe s tde s c r i be st hege ne r als t e psi nv ol v e di nma ki nganAc t ? Th edr a f tofapr op os e dn e ws t a t ut e ,c a l l e daBi l l ,i spr e s e nt e dt h r e et i me st oe a c hhou s eo fPa r l i a me n t . wh e r ei ti sd e b a t e doni t sg e ne r a lpu r pos ea nds p e c i fice ffe c t .On c ea ppr o v e db ybo t hh ou s e sa n dgi v e n Ro y a lAs s e ntb yt heQue e n ' sr e p r e s e n t a t i v ei nt her e l e v a ntj ur i s di c t i o n, t heBi l lbe c ome sa nAc ta ndi s l a wf r o mi t spr o c l a ma t i ono rc omme n c e me ntda t e TheAus t r al i anCons t i t ut i onc a nbeame nde d: Bya na me ndme ntpa s s e db ya na bs ol ut ema j o r i t yo fBot hHou s e si fp a r l i a me n ta ndbyr e f e r e n du m p a s s e db yama j or i t yofv ot e r si nama j or i t yo fSt a t e sa ndr e c e i v i n gRo y a lAs s e nt .

Whi c hoft hef o l l o wi nga ns we r sbe s tde s c r i be st hege ne r als t e psi nv ol v e di nma ki nganAc t ? Th edr a f tofapr op os e dn e ws t a t ut e ,c a l l e daBi l l ,i spr e s e nt e dt h r e et i me st oe a c hhou s eo fPa r l i a me n t , wh e r ei ti sd e b a t e doni t sg e ne r a lpu r pos ea nds p e c i fice ffe c t .On c ea ppr o v e db ybo t hh ou s e sa n dgi v e n Ro y a lAs s e ntb yt heQue e n ' sr e p r e s e n t a t i v ei nt her e l e v a ntj ur i s di c t i o n, t heBi l lbe c ome sa nAc ta ndi s l a wf r o mi t spr o c l a ma t i ono rc omme n c e me ntda t e . Whe r et heme ani ngofapr o vi s i oni nanAc ti sambi guo usorobs c ur e .wha tma t e r i al sa r et he c o ur t sa bl et oa s s e st he mt oi nt e r pr e tt heme ani ngofanAc torapar to fa nAc t ?Whyar et he s e mat e r i a l sus e f uli ne xpl ai ni ngho wa nAc ts ho ul dbeappl i e dt oapa r t i c ul a rs e to ff a c t s ?Whi c hi s t hebe s tans we r ? Th eAc t sI n t e r pr e t a t i onAc t19 01( Ct h)s1 5ABa l l o wst hec our tt ol o oka te xt r i ns i cma t e r i a l s . t ha ti s . Bi l l s , s e c on dr e a d i n gs p e e c h e s .e xpl a n a t or yme mo r a n da .a n dpa r l i a me nt a r yc ommi t t e er e po r t swhi c h a r eus e di nt hel e gi s l a t i v e ma ki n gp r oc e s sa nda r et a b l e di nPa r l i a me n tb yt heme mb e ri nt r od uc i n gt he Bi l lt oe xp l a i nt hei n t e nde dpu r pos eoft hep r op os e dne wl e gi s l a t i on . Whi c hoft hef o l l o wi ngi snotapr ope rde s c r i pt i o nofsa t g et hr o ughwhi c haBi l lmus ts uc c e s s f ul l y pa s si no r de rt obepas s e dbyt heLo we rHous e Th et hi r dr e a di n gs t a ge ,whi c hme mbe r sa r ea l l o we df u l lde ba t ea ndg i v e na ne xpl a n a t or yme mor a nd um t oa s s i s tt h e i ru nde r s t a n di n goft heBi l l Whohast oa ppr o v eanAc tbe f o r ei tbe c ome sl a w?Whi c hi st hebe s tans we r ? Bot hh ous e sofPa r l i a me n ti nt her e l e v a n tj ur i s di c t i onmus ta g r e eonaBi l la n dt heQu e e n ’ s r e pr e s e n t a t i v emus tgi v eRo y a lAs s e ntbe f o r eaBi l lb e c o me sl a w.

Do c t r i neofPr e c e de nt Thephr as e‘ di s t i ng ui s hi ngt hepr e c e de nt ’r e f e r st o: Th ede c i s i onofaj ud g et ode vi a t ef r o m apr e c e de n tb e c a us eofs i gn i fic a ntd i ffe r e nc ei nt hema t e r i a l f a c t so ft hep r e s e ntc a s e . Ther ol eo f' di s t i ngui s hi ngt hepr e c e de nt 'r e f e r st o: Th ede c i s i onofaj ud g et ode vi a t ef r o m apr e c e de n tb e c a us eofs i gn i fic a ntd i ffe r e nc e si nt hema t e r i a l f a c t so ft hep r e s e ntc a s e . Thedoc t r i neo fpr e c e de nti se s s e nt i a lt ot hede v e l o pme ntoft hec o mmo nl a w. Whi c hoft he f o l l o wi nga ns we r sbe s tde s c r i be st hedi ffe r e nc ebe t we e nbi ndi nga ndpe r s ua s i v epr e c e de nt ? Apr e c e d e ntf r om as u pe r i orc ou r ti sb i ndi n go nl o we rc our t si nt hes a mec ou r thi e r a r c h ywh e r et he f a c t so ft het woc a s e sa r ei d e nt i c a lorma t e r i a l l ys i mi l a r .Ap r e c e d e ntt ha ti sn otbi ndi n gmi g htb e p e r s ua s i v ei fi tha ss u ffic i e ntwe i ghtdu et ot h er e pu t a t i o na nds t a n di n goft hede c i d i n gc ou r ta n dt he s i mi l a r i t yo ft hema t e r i a lf a c t s . Ac c o r di ngt ot hedoc t r i neo fpr e c e de nt : Aj ud g ei son l yo bl i g e dt of ol l o wde c i s i o nma d eb yj u dg e si nhi g e rc o ur t swi t hi nt hes a mec o ur t h i e r a r c h y Thedoc t r i neo fpr e c e de nts t a t e st hat : Wh e nma ki n gade c i s i ononaqu e s t i onofl a w,t h ec ou r tmu s t dos oc o ns i s t e n t l ywi t ht hee a r l i e r d e c i s i ono fs up e r i orc ou r t si nt hes a mec o ur th i e r a r c h yi nc a s e swi t hs i mi l a rf a c t s Thedoc t r i neo fpr e c e de nt : I ss ome t i me sr e f e r r e dt ob yi t sLa t i nna mes t a r ed e c i s i s I si mp o r t a n te ns ur i n gc ons i s t e nc yi nc a s ek a w Pr o v i de st ha taj u dg ed e c i di n gaqu e s t i o nofl a wmu s tde c i d et h a tqu e s t i oni nt hes a mewa ya swa sdon e p r e vi o us l yb ya ne a r l i e rc o ur t . Whi c hoft hef o l l o wi nga ns we r sbe s te xpl ai nswha taj udg edoe swhe ns heo rhedi s t i ngui s he sa c as eoni t sf ac t s ? I ti ss e e na sa na t t e mp tb yt hel e gi s l a t ur et oi nt r u deup ont h ej u di c i a r y ' sr ol ei nt hei nt e r p r e t a t i ono f l e g i s l a t i on. No tal lpr e c e de nt sar ebi ndi ngo nf ut ur ec our t s .Apr e c e de ntmi ghtbef ol l o we dduet oi t s pe r s ua s i v ev al ue .Whi c hoft hef o l l o wi ngans we r sbe s te xpl ai nswha tmake sapr e c e de nt pe r s ua s i v e ? Fa c t o r st ha ta r et a k e ni n t oa c c o un twh e nd e t e r mi nd i n gt hepe r s u a i v ev a l u eofapr e c e e nti nc l ud e :t h e l e v e lo fd e c i d i n gc our t i ni t sh i e r a r c h y ;t h er e ga r di nwh i c ht hed e c i di n gj udg ei she l d ;whe nt hed e c i s i on wa sma d e ;t het i met hec o ur tt oo kt oc on s i de rt h ed e c i s i on;t h es t r e n gt ho fa n yd i s s e nt i n gj u dg e me nt , a ndt hes i mi l a r i t yoft h ema t e r i a lf a c t soft hec a s et ot hec a s eb e i n gde c i d e d .

Do c t r i neofRe c e pt i on Theappl i c a t i onoft hedoc t r i neo fr e c e pt i oni nAus t r al i ame a ntt ha t : Th eBr i t i s hs e t t l e r sbr ou g htBr i t i s hl a wswi t ht he m. Thedoc t r i neo fr e c e pt i onpr o vi de st hat : Wh e r eat e r r i t o r yi ss e t t l e dt h et e r r i t or yi sr e g a r d e da spr e v i o us l yuno c c up i e da n dt hes e t t l e r sb i r n gwi t h t h e mt hel a wso ft he i rho mec oun t r y . Do c t r i neofRe s pons i bl eGo v e r nme nt

Ac c o r di ngt ot hedoc t r i neo fr e s pons i bl eg o v e r nme nt : Th emi ni s t e r sc o mpr i s i n gt h ee x e c ut i v ec ou nc i la r ee l e c t e dr e pr e s e n t a t i v e swh oa r ea l s ome mbe r soft h e l e g i s l a t u r e . Aus t r al i a nCo ns i t ut i on TheAus t r al i anl e g als y s t e mi s : i . Ac ons t i t u t i ona lmo na r c h y . i i . Al i be r a ld e mo c r a c y . i i i .Af e d e r a t i on. i v . Ad e moc r a t i c r e pu bl i c . ( I ,i i ,i v) Thephr as e' di v i s i onofpo we r 'r e f e r st o: Th enot i ont h a tl a wsa r ema deb yt hel e gi s l a t ur e ,a d mi ni s t e r e db yt hee x e c ut i v ea ndi nt e r p r e t e db yt he j u di c i a r y .

TheCommonwe al t hPar l i ame ntma yde l e g at ei t sl e gi s l at i v epo we rt ot hee xe c ut i v ea ndot he r s pe c i ficbodi e sandpe opl e .Thi sl e g i s l a t i oni sr e f e r r e dt oa sde l e g a t e d,s ubo r di na t eors e c o ndar y l e gi s l at i o n.Ex ampl e so fde l e g at e dl e gi s l at i oni nc l uder e g ul a t i ons , by l a wsandr ul e s .Whi c ho ft he f o l l o wi nga ns we r sbe s te x pl ai nswhyPar l i ame ntwo ul dgi veups omeo fi t spo we rt oma ke l e gi s l at i o n? T op r o vi d ea ne ffic i e n tme c ha n i s m ofa d di n gde t a i lt ot heg e n e r a lpr o v i s i on sofapr i nc i p a lAc t ,wi t h ou t g o i n gt h r ou ght h el e g i s l a t i v ep r oc e s sofa me nd i n gt heAc t

Unde rAus t r a l i a' sf e de r a ls y s t e m ofgo v e r nme nt : i . Th e r ea r et wol e v e l sofg o v e r nme nt :t h eFe de r a lg o v e r n me nta ndt hev a r i ou sSt a t eg o v e r nme n t s . i i .P o we rt og o v e r ni ss ha r e db e t we e nt h eFe de r a la n dt heSt a t eg o v e r nme nt s . i i i .Th et wol e v e l sofg o v e r n me n ta r en ots ub or di n a t et oe a c hot he r , bu ta r e' p a r t n e r s ' ( i ) , ( i i ) , ( i i i ) TheAus t r al i anl e g als y s t e m di ffe r si ns omer e s pe c t sf r o mt hel e g als y s t e mso fo t he rc ount r i e s . Se l e c tt hes t a t e me ntbe l o wt hatc o r r e c t l yde s c r i be st heAus t r a l i a ns y s t e m. Th ehe a dofs t a t ei st heQue e nofEn g l a nd TheFe de r a lg o v e r nme ntc o mpul s o r i l ya c qui r e sTo m' sl anda st hepr o po s e ds i t ef orane wf r e e wa y . Hei snotc ompe ns at e d.To m ma ybeabl et oc ha l l e ng et hea c qui s i t i o no nt hegr oundt ha t : Ac c or di n gt ot heAu s t r a l i a nCo n s i s t ut i on ,hei se nt i t l e dt o‘ j us tc o mpe n s a t i o n. ’ The' r e s i dua l 'po we r so ft heSt at epar l i ame ntar e : Ma t t e r si nr e l a t i ont owh i c honl yt heSt a t epa r l i a me n t sma yma k el a ws . Ther ol eo ft hee xe c ut i v ewi t hi nt hef e de r a lg o v e r nme nti st o : Ad mi ni s t e rt hel a wa n do v e r s e et hep ub l i cs e r v i c e . TheAus t r al i anCons t i t ut i onwase s t abl i s he dbyt he : Commo n we a l t hofAus t r a l i aCon s t i t ut i onAc t De l e g at e dl e gi s l at i o ni s : Ru l e s ,r e gu l a t i onsorb y l a wse s t a bl i s he db yal o c a la u t hor i t yo rg o v e r n me ntde pa r t me ntpu r s u a ntt o a ut ho r i t yde l e g a t e db yp a r l i a me nt . Thehe adofs t a t eo ft heCo mmo nwe al t hofAus t r al i aandoft hevar i o usSt at e sandTe r r i t or i e si s t he : Ki n gorQu e e no fEn g l a nd. TheAus t r al i anCons t i t ut i onc a nbeame nde d: Bya na me ndme ntpa s s e db ya na bs ol ut ema j o r i t yo fbot hHo us e so fp a r l i a me nta ndb yar e f e r e n du m p a s s e db yama j or i t yofv ot e r si nama j or i t yo fSt a t e sa ndr e c e i v i n gRo y a lAs s e nt .

Al oc a lg o v e r nme nti s : Es t a bl i s he db yas t a t ego v e r nme ntt ob er e s p ons i bl ef o rl oc a ls e r v i c e s Asane mpl o y e rJo hnnymus tpa ypa y r ol lt axt o : Th eSt a t eg o v e r n me nt Thes t a t eg o v e r nme nt se ac hha v eac ons t i t ut i o nwhi c hs e t soutt hes t r uc t ur eofg o ve r nme nta nd pr o v i de st hepo we rt omakel e gi s l at i on.Whe r et heAus t r a l i anCo ns t i t ut i onha sgi v e nt he Co mmo nwe a l t hPa r l i ame nte x c l us i v el e g i s l a t i v epo we r s ,s uc hast hepo we rt oi mpo s ec us t o msa nd e x c i s edut i e si ns e c t i on9 0, dot hes t a t e sha v et hepo we rt ol e gi s l a t ewi t hr e g ar dt ot hes ames ubj e c t mat t e r ? Whi c hi st hebe s ta ns we r ? Th eAu s t r a l i a nCo ns i t u t i o ns e t sou tal i mi t e dn u mbe rofe xc l us i v el e g i s t r a t i v epo we r swh i c ha r et o e x e r c i s e do nl yb yt heCommon we a l t hPa r l i a me nt TheAus t r al i anCommonwe al t hg o v e r nme ntha st hr e ebr anc he s :Pa r l i ame nt , t hee x e c ut i v ea nd t hej udi c i ar y .e a c hwi t hi t so wnc o ns t i t ut i ona lpo we r sa ndf unc t i o ns .Whi c ho ft hef ol l o wi ngbe s t de s c r i be st hef unc t i o nsofe a c hbr a nc ho fg o v e r nme nt ? Pa r l i a me ntpa s s e s ,a me nd sa n dr e pe a l sl a w. Th ee x e c u t i v ei mpl e me nt st hel a wa ndma ke ss u bo r di na t e l e g i s l a t i onwh e r ei th a sb e e nd e l e g a t e dl e gi s l a t i v ep o we rb yPa r l i a me nt .Th ej ud i c i a r yde c l a r e sa nd i n t e r pr e t st h el a w,a ndc a na l s obes a i dt ode v e l opt hel a w. Whi c hoft hef o l l o wi ngs t at e me nt sa boutt hef unc t i onofl a wi nAus t r al i ans oc i e t yi si nc o r r e c t ? La wi su s e db yt heCommo n we a l t h ,s t a t ea ndt e r r i t or yg o v e r nme nt st oe x e r c i s eunl i mi t e dp o we ro v e r me mbe r sofs oc i e t yt oc o nt r olbe h a ...