Med Term Exam 4 - exam 4 review! - MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY PDF

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exam 4 review!...

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Chapter 12: urology and nephrology - Important for maintaining homeostasis: a stable internal environment, removing waste products, adjusting water and electrolyte levels, and maintaining normal pH - Kidneys produce urine, urine flows through: kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra Male reproductive system - In males, urinary system and reproductive system share urethra - Male reproductive organs: testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, urethra, penis Urologists treat conditions of - Female and male urinary tract, and male reproductive system Nephrologists treat conditions of kidney such as - Renal failure, kidney transplants, and dialysis Urology and nephrology combining forms - balan/o: glans penis, cyst/o: urinary bladder sac, epididym/o: epididymis, glomerul/o: glomerulus, lith/o: stone, nephr/o: kidney, orchid/o: testes, orchi/o: testes, orch/o: testes, prostat/o: prostate gland, pyel/o: renal pelvis, ren/o: kidney, semin/i: semen, spermat/o: sperm, sperm/o: sperm, testicul/o: testes, ur/o: urine, ureter/o: ureter, urethr/o: urethra, urin/o: urine, vas/o: vas deferens, vesicul/o: seminal vesicle - albumin/o: albumin, azot/o: nitrogen waste, bacteri/o: bacteria, corpor/o: body, crypt/o: hidden, genit/o: genitals, glycos/o: sugar glucose, hem/o: blood, hemat/o: blood, hydr/o: water, noct/i: night, olig/o: scanty, py/o: pus, rect/o: rectum, ven/o: vein - -al: pertaining to, -algia: pain, -ar: pertaining to, -ary: pertaining to, -cele: hernia protrusion, -cyte: cell, -eal: pertaining to, -ectomy: surgical removal, -emia: blood condition, -genesis: produces generates, -gram: record picture, -graphy: process of recording, -ia: state, -iasis: abnormal condition, -ic: pertaining to, -ism: state of, -itis: inflammation, -lith: stone, -logist: one who studies, -logy: study, -lysis: destruction, -megaly: enlarged, -meter: instrument for measuring, -oma: tumor, mass, -osis: abnormal condition, -otomy: surgically create an opening, -otomy: cutting into, -ous: pertaining to, -pathy: disease, -pexy: surgical fixation, -plasia: formation of cells, -plasty: surgical repair, -ptosis: drooping, -rrhaphy: suture, -rrhea: discharge flow, -sclerosis: hardening, -scope: instrument for viewing, -scopy: process of visually examining, -stenosis: narrowing, -tripsy: crushing, -uria: urine condition, - A-: without, an-: without, dys-: abnormal dicult painful, extra-: outside of, hyper-: excessive, intra-: within, poly-: many, trans-: across

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balan/o: combining form meaning glans penis, enlarged tip of the penis, covered by the prepuce or foreskin - Discharge from the glans penis: balanorrhea cyst/o: combining form meaning urinary bladder, muscular organ, stores urine produced by the kidneys, urine drains into bladder from ureters and exits bladder into urethra - Bladder pain: cystalgia, protrusion of the bladder: cystocele, stone in the bladder: cystolith epididym/o: combining form meaning epididymis, sits on top of each testis, stores sperm as they are made by the testes - Pertaining to the epididymis: epididymal lith/o: combining form meaning stone, stones form in many parts of body, usually formed from organic or inorganic salts - Surgical crushing of a stone: lithotripsy, abnormal condition of stone in bladder: cystolithiasis

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nephr/o: combining form meaning kidney, one kidney is located on either side of spine at level of lower ribs, consists of thousands of nephrons: glomerulus portion of each nephron filters waste products and excess water and electrolytes out of blood in order to produce urine, urine drains out of kidney into ureter and on to urinary bladder for storage - Enlarged kidney: nephromegaly orchid/o: combining form meaning testes, male reproductive organs that produce sperm and testosterone, two testes are suspended outside body in the scrotum, as sperm are produced they travel to epididymis for storage, singular form is testis - Another term for testes is testicles (singular, testicle), surgical removal of testes: orchidectomy orchi/o: combining form meaning testes - testes pain: orchialgia orch/o: another combining form meaning testes - State of being without testes: anorchism, condition of hidden testes: cryptorchidism -ostomy: sux meaning to create a surgical opening, describes creation of new opening between two organs or between organ and external surface of body, new opening on surface of body is called stoma - Surgically create an opening in the ureter: ureterostomy, surgically create an opening in the renal pelvis: pyelostomy prostat/o: combining form meaning prostate gland, one of male reproductive glands, located surrounding urethra at base of the bladder, secretes milky fluid: makes up much of liquid portion of semen and serves to nourish sperm - Surgical removal of the prostate gland: prostatectomy pyel/o: combining form meaning renal pelvis, area inside each kidney where urine collects as it is being made, each renal pelvis then drains into one of the ureters - Renal pelvis and kidney inflammation: pyelonephritis ren/o: another combining form meaning kidney - Record of the kidney: renogram semin/i: combining form meaning semen, fluid ejculated from penis during intercourse, contains sperm and fluids secreted by reproductive glands: prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and bulbourethral gland - Condition of semen in the urine: seminuria spermat/o: combining form meaning sperm, male reproductive cells, produced in testes and ejaculated from body in semen, contain one-half or normal complement of chromosomes, when sperm fertilizes ovum - new baby is created with full set of chromosomes - Generates sperm: spermatogenesis, destruction of sperm: spermatolysis sperm/o: another combining form meaning sperm - State of being without sperm: aspermia testicul/o: combining form meaning testicle - Pertaining to a testicle: testicular ureter/o: Combining form meaning ureter, tube leading away from renal pelvis of each kidney, carries urine from kidney to urinary bladder - Ureter inflammation: ureteritis, narrowing of the ureter: ureterostenosis urethr/o: combining form meaning urethra, single urethra leads out of bladder, carries urine to outside of body, external opening is meatus - Surgical repair of the urethra: urethroplasty, urethra pain: urethralgia -uria: sux meaning condition of the urine - Sugar urine condition: glycosuria, night urine condition: nocturia urin/o: Combining form meaning urine,fluid produced by nephrons of each kidney as they filter wastes, water, and dissolved substances from blood - Instrument to measure urine: urinometer ur/o: another combining form meaning urine - Condition of urine in the blood: uremia vas/o: combining form meaning vas deferens, long tube, carries sperm from epididymis to urethra, reproductive glands connected to vas deferens add fluids as sperm pass by - making semen, - Surgical removal of the vas deferens: vasectomy

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vesicul/o: combining form meaning seminal vesicles, male reproductive glands, located behind bladder, add fluid to sperm as they pass in vas deferens - Surgical removal of the seminal vesicle: vesiculectomy

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

Noncancerous enlargement of prostate gland; condition places pressure on urethra and narrows it, resulting in frequency, urgency, and nocturia; commonly seen in males over age 50

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Blood test to determine kidney function by measuring level of nitrogenous waste, or urea, in blood

calculus

Term for “stone formed within organ”; most are formed from mineral salts; commonly found in kidney, renal pelvis, ureters, bladders, or urethra; plural is calculi

chlamydia

Bacterial sexually transmitted disease; causes inflammation of urethra of males or cervix of females with purulent discharge

circumcision

removal of prepuce, or foreskin, from glans penis; commonly performed on newborn male at request of parents; primary reason is for ease of hygiene; also a ritual practiced in some religions

Clean catch specimen (CC)

Procedure for obtaining urine sample after cleaning o urethral meatus and catching urine in midstream (halfway through urination process) to minimize contamination from skin

Digital rectal exam (DRE)

Direct examination for presence of enlarged prostate Erectile dysfunction (ED) gland performed by palpating (feeling) prostate gland with fingers (digital) through wall of rectum

Inability to achieve erection of penis for coitus; also called impotence

Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL)

Treatment procedure for urinary system stones; frequency utilizes ultrasound waves to break up stones; process is noninvasive, meaning it does not require surgery

Condition of feeling urge to urinate more often than normal but without increase in total daily volume of urine; can indicate inflammation of bladder or urethra or benign prostatic hyperplasia

Genital herpes

Highly infectious viral sexually transmitted disease; causes blister like lesion on penis of males or cervix and vagina of females

gonorrhea

Bacterial sexually transmitted disease; infects mucous membranes and can spread throughout entire genitourinary system; often does not cause many symptoms until widespread

Hemodialysis (HD)

Treatment for renal failure using artificial kidney machine to filter waste from blood

hesitancy

State of diculty initiating flow of urine; often symptom of blockage along urethra, such as caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia

hydrocele

Accumulation of fluid within scrotum

Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)

X-ray of kidney following injection of dye into vein to visualize renal pelvis as kidney filters dye out of bloodstream and puts it into urine

Peritoneal dialysis

Artificial means to remove wastes by placing warm, phimosis chemically balanced solutions into peritoneal cavity; treatment for renal failure

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

Inherited kidney disease characterized by presence of multiple cysts throughout kidney tissue; eventually destroys kidneys and results in kidney failure

Prostatic cancer

Common and slow=growing cancer of prostate gland Renal failure occurring in males over age 50; prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test is used to assist in early detection

Narrowing of prepuce over glans penis; may cause diculty with urination and infection; treatment is circumcision

Prostate-specific antigen Blood test to screen for prostate cancer (PSA)

Inability of kidney to filter wastes from blood and/or produce urine; treatment of severe renal failure is dialysis or renal transplant

of this disease Renal transplant

Replacement of diseased kidney by donor kidney

Retrograde pyelogram (RP) X-ray of urinary bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis following insertion of dye through urethra

Semen analysis

Evaluation of semen for fertility; sperm in semen analyzed for number, swimming strength, and shape; procedure would also be used to determine if vasectomy has been successful

sterility

Inability to produce children; in males, usually due to problem with sperm production, such as aspermia or oligospermia; also called infertility

syphilis

Bacterial sexually transmitted disease; begins as localized ulcer at point of infection; chronic disease which after years spreads through lymph nodes to nervous system, causing death

Testicular death

Cancer of one of both testicles; commonly seen in young men or boys

transurethral resection (TUR)

Surgical removal of prostate gland tissue by inserting device called resectoscope through urethra and removing prostate tissue; may also be referred to simply as transurethral resection (TUR)

trichomoniasis

Protozoan sexually transmitted disease; causes inflammation of genitourinary tract in both men and women

Undescended testicle

Congenital anomaly involving failure of one or urgency both of testes to descend into scrotal sac before birth; surgical procedure called orchiopexy may be required to bring testes down into scrotum permanently; also called cryptorchism

Feeling need to urinate immediately

Urinalysis (U/A, UA)

Laboratory test that consists physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine

Urinary catheterization (cath)

Insertion of flexible tube, catheter, into urinary bladder through urethra; used to withdraw urine or insert dye

Urinary incontinence

Involuntary urination; also called enuresis

Urinary tract infection (UTI)

Infection, usually bacterial, in any part of urinary tract

Urine culture and sensitivity (C&S)

Diagnostic lab procedure that identifies bacterial varicocele infection of urinary system and determines best antibiotic to treat it; involves growing bacteria in culture medium and testing dierent antibiotics on it

Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG)

X-rays are made while patient voids dye that has been placed in urinary bladder through urethra

Development of varicose veins in the scrotal veins

ARF: acute renal failure, BPH: benign prostatic hypertrophy, BUN: blood urea nitrogen, cath: catheterization, CC: clean-catch urine specimen, CRF: chronic renal failure, C&S: culture and sensitivity test, cysto: cystoscopy, DRE: digital rectal exam, ED: erectile dysfunction, ESRD: end-stage renal disease, ESWL: extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy, GU: genitourinary, HD: hemodialysis, HPV: human papillomavirus, I&O: intake and output, IVP: intravenous pyelogram, KUB: kidney ureter bladder, PKD: polycystic kidney disease, PSA: prostate-specific antigen, RP: retrograde pyelogram, STD: sexually transmitted disease, TUR: transurethral resection, TURP: transurethral resection and prostatectomy, U/A or UA: urinalysis, UC: urine culture, UTI: urinary tract infection, VCUG: voiding cystourethrography, VD: venereal disease Glans penis inflammation: balanitis, discharge from the glans penis: balanorrhea, bladder pain: cystalgia, protrusion of the bladder: cystocele, surgical removal of the bladder: cystectomy, bladder inflammation: cystitis, process of visually examining the bladder: cystoscopy, record of the bladder: cystogram, process of recording the bladder: cystography, instrument for viewing the bladder: cystoscope, pertaining to the bladder: cystic, stone in the bladder: cystolith, epididymis inflammation:

epididymitis, pertaining to the epididymis: epididymal, surgical crushing of a stone: lithotripsy, abnormal condition of stone in ureter: ureterolithiasis, abnormal condition of stone in kidney: nephrolithiasis, abnormal condition of stone in bladder: cystolithiasis, surgical removal of the kidney: nephrectomy, kidney inflammation: nephritis, enlarged kidney: nephromegaly, kidney tumor: nephroma, drooping kidney: nephroptosis, cutting into the kidney: nephrotomy, kidney disease: nephropathy, surgical fixation of the kidney: nephropexy, hardening of the kidney: nephrosclerosis, glomerulus and kidney inflammation: glomerulonephritis, kidney stone: nephrolith, abnormal condition of the kidney: nephrosis, state of being without testes: anorchism, testes inflammation: orchitis, state of hidden testes: cryptorchism, surgical fixation of the testes: orchiopexy, testes pain: orchialgia, surgical removal of testes: orchidectomy, surgically create an opening in the bladder: cystostomy, surgically create an opening in the kidney: nephrostomy, surgically create an opening in the ureter: ureterostomy, surgically create an opening in the renal pelvis: pyelostomy, surgically create an opening in the urethra: urethrostomy, surgically create an opening between (one section of) vas deferens and (another section of) vas deferens: vasovasostomy, surgical removal of prostate gland: prostatectomy, prostate gland inflammation: prostatitis, pertaining to prostate gland: prostatic, renal pelvis and kidney inflammation: pyelonephritis, record of the renal pelvis: pyelogram, process of recording the renal pelvis: pyelography, pertaining to kidney: renal, record of kidney: renogram, process of recording kidney: renography, pertaining to semen: seminal, condition of semen in urine: seminuria, state of being without sperm: aspermia, state of having scanty sperm: oligospermia, generates sperm: spermatogenesis, to destroy sperm: spermatolysis, pertaining to sperm: spermatic, sperm cell: spermatocyte, pertaining to a testis: testicular, study of urine: urology, one who studies urine: urologist, condition of urine components in blood: uremia, ureter inflammation: ureteritis, narrowing of ureter: ureterostenosis, pertaining to ureter: ureteral, surgical repair of urethra: urethroplasty, urethra pain: urethralgia, urethra inflammation: urethritis, instrument for viewing urethra: urethroscope, process of visually examining urethra: urethroscopy, narrowing of urethra: urethrostenosis, cutting into urethra: hematuria, pertaining to urethra: urethral, sugar urine condition: glycosuria, night urine condition: nocturia, scanty urine condition: oliguria, pus urine condition: pyuria, without urine condition: anuria, abnormal urine condition: dysuria, blood urine condition: urethroplasty, many (excessive) urine condition: polyuria, albumin (protein) urine condition: albuminuria, nitrogen waste urine condition: azoturia, bacteria urine condition: bacteriuria, pertaining to urine: urinary, instrument to measure urine: urinometer, surgical removal of vas deferens: vasectomy, suture vas deferens: vasorrhaphy, seminal vesicle inflammation: vesiculitis, surgical removal of seminal vesicle: vesiculectomy, pertaining to seminal vesicle: vesicular Chapter 13: obstetrics and gynecology - Female reproductive system is vital to continuation of human race: ovaries produce egg cells called ova, fertilization occurs in the fallopian tubes, embryo develops in the uterus, during birth baby passes through vagina, breasts secrete milk to nourish newborn - Ovaries also secrete female sex hormones: estrogen, progesterone, and work together to regulate reproductive cycle Gynecology - Branch of medicine that: diagnosis and treats conditions of female reproductive organs and provides general medical care for women - Branch of medicine that specializes in pregnancy and childbirth Combining forms - amni/o: amnion, cervic/o: neck or cervix, chori/o: chorion, colp/p: vagina, embry/o: embryo, episi/o: vulva, fet/o: fetus, gynec/o: woman female, hyster/o: uterus, lapar/o: abdomen, mamm/o: breast, mast/o: breast, men/o: menses or menstruation, metr/o: uterus, nat/o: birth, o/o: egg, oophor/o: ovary, ovari/o: ovary, salping/o: uterine fallopian tube, uter/o: uterus, vagin/o: vagina - carcin/o: cancer, cyst/o: urinary bladder sac, fibr/o: fibrous, hem/o: blood, olig/o: scanty, pelv/o: pelvis, rect/o: rectum - -al: pertaining to, -algia: pain, -an: pertaining to, -ary: pertaining to, -cele: protrusion, -centesis: puncture to withdraw fluid, -cyesis: pregnancy, -cyte: cell, -ectomy: surgical removal, -genesis: produces generates, -genic: producing, -gram: record, -graphy: process of recording, -gravida: pregnancy, -ic: pertaining to, -ine: pertaining to, -itis: inflammation, -logist: one who studies, -logy: study of, -lytic: destruction, -metry: process of measuring, -nic: pertaining to, -oid: resembling, -oma: tumor mass, -osis: abnormal condition, -otomy: cutting into, -para: to bear (ospring), partum: childbirth, -pexy: surgical fixation, -plasty: surgical fixation, -rrhagia: bursting forth, -rrhaphy: suture, -rrhea: flow discharge, -rrhexis: rupture, -scope: instrument for viewing, -scopy: process of viewing...