Med Term Chapter 7 - MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY PDF

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Chapter 7: Cardiology Introduction to cardiology -

Cardiovascular system consists of: heart and blood vessels The heart is composed of cardiac muscle tissue and contracts to push blood through blood vessels Three types of blood vessels - Arteries: carry blood away from heart - Veins: carry blood toward heart - Capillaries: oxygen and nutrients are delivered here, and carbon dioxide and wastes are picked up

Cardiology - Cardiologists diagnose and treat diseases and conditions of the cardiovascular system - Cardiovascular technologists - Allied health professionals - Perform variety of procedures such as electrocardiography, echocardiography, exercise stress testing, and cardiac catheterization (these techs assist with cardiac cath procedures which are done by a physician) - Examples of conditions include: coronary artery disease, cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension, heart valve disease, myocardial infarctions, congestive heart failure, congenital heart defects, and peripheral vascular disease. Cardiology combining forms angi/o

vessel

aort/o

aorta

arteri/o

artery

arteriol/o

arteriole

ather/o

Fatty substance, plaque

atri/o

atrium

cardi/o

heart

coron/o

heart

embol/o

plug

isch/o

To hold back

phleb/o

vein

sphygm/o

pulse

steth/o

chest

thromb/o

clot

valv/o

valve

valvul/o

valve

varic/o

Dilated vein

vas/o

Blood vessel

vascul/o

Blood vessel

ven/o

vein

ventricul/o

ventricle

venul/o

venule

cutane/o

skin

my/o

muscle

electr/o

electricity

pulmon/o

lung

esophag/o

esophagus

son/o

sound

-ac

Pertaining to

-al

Pertaining to

-ar

Pertaining to

-ary

Pertaining to

Sux Review

-dynia

pain

-eal

Pertaining to

-ectomy

Surgical removal

-emia

Blood condition

-genic

producing

-gram

record

-graphy

Process of recording

-ia

condition

-ic

Pertaining to

-ism

State of

-itis

inflammation

-logist

One who studies

-logy

Study of

-lysis

To destroy

-lytic

destruction

-manometer

Instrument to measure pressure

-megaly

enlarged

-ole

small

-oma

Tumor, mass

-ose

Pertaining to

-osis

Abnormal condition

-otomy

Cutting into

-ous

Pertaining to

-pathy

disease

-plasty

Surgical repair

-rrhaphy

suture

-rrhexis

rupture

-sclerosis

hardening

-scope

Instrument for viewing

-spasm

Involuntary muscle contraction

-stenosis

narrowing

-tic

Pertaining to

-ule

small

Prefix review a-

without

brady-

slow

endo-

within

hyper-

excessive

hypo-

Below, insucient

inter-

between

intra-

within

per-

through

peri-

around

poly-

many

tachy-

fast

trans-

across

ultra-

excess Comparative structure of arteries, capillaries, and veins

Cardiovascular system

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angi/o aort/o arteri/o -

Record of a vessel: angiogram, vessel tumor: angioma, involuntary muscle spasms in a vessel: angiospasm Combining form meaning aorta, largest blood vessel in body, carries oxygenated blood from left ventricle to body Pertaining to the aorta: aortic, surgical repair of the aorta: aortoplasty Combining form meaning artery, carry blood away from heart and toward capillary bed, arteries to lung carry deoxygenated blood, and arteries to body carry oxygenated blood Ruptured artery: arteriorrhexis, pertaining to an artery: arterial, small artery: arteriole

arteriol/o - Combining form meaning arteriole, smallest arteries, carry blood from artery to capillary bed - Pertaining to an arteriole: arteriolar ather/o - Combining form meaning fatty substance, plaque, soft, yellow, fatty deposits, build up along inner wall of blood vessels, and each deposit is called a plaque - Hardening of plaque: atherosclerosis, surgical removal of plaque: atherectomy atri/o - Combining form meaning atrium, upper chambers of heart, receive blood returning to heart, Left atrium receives blood from lung, right atrium receives blood from body - Pertaining to between the atria: interatrial, pertaining to the atrium and ventricle: atrioventricular cardi/o - Combining form meaning heart, composed of cardiac muscle tissue, contracts to push blood through blood vessels, divided into left and right halves by septum, upper chambers are atria, and lower chambers are ventricles - Pertaining to around the heart: pericardial, heart pain: cardiodynia coron/o - Another combining form meaning heart - Pertaining to the heart: coronary embol/o - Combining form meaning plug, embolus, mass floats through blood vessels (broken o piece from clot, mass of fat, and bacteria), plugs up a smaller blood vessels (cuts o circulation) - Condition of having an embolus: embolism isch/o - Combining form meaning to hold back, used to indicate the stoppage of blood flow - Condition of blood being held back: ischemia phleb/o - Combining form meaning vein, carry blood toward heart, receive blood from capillary bed, vein from lungs carry oxygenated blood, and veins from body carry deoxygenated blood - Record of a vein: phlebogram, process of recording a vein: phlebography -sclerosis - Sux meaning hardening, used in cardiovascular system to mean blood vessel hardened and inflexible, and due to plaques along vessel wall - Hardening of an artery: arteriosclerosis steth/o - Combining form meaning chest - Instrument to view chest: stethoscope thromb/o

-

valv/o -

Combining form meaning clot, refers to blood clot forming in blood vessel, and may partially or complete block blood flow Pertaining to a clot: thrombotic, inflammation of vein with clots: thrombophlebitis, destruction of a clot: thrombolysis Combining form meaning valve, flap-like structures (close tightly to prevent backflow of blood and insures that blood only flows forward), four valves in heart, also found in veins Small valve: valvule

- valvul/o - Another combining form meaning valve - Inflammation of a valve: valvulitis - varic/o - Combining form meaning dilated vein, varicosity, most common in superficial leg veins, caused by blood pooling due to ineective veins, pregnancy, or occupation requiring long periods of standing - Pertaining to a varicosity: varicose - vascul/o - Combining form meaning blood vessel - Pertaining to the heart and blood vessels: cardiovascular - vas/o - Another combining form meaning blood vessel - Involuntary muscle contraction of a blood vessel: vasospasm - ven/o - Another combining form meaning vein - Pertaining to within a vein: intravenous - ventricul/o - Combining form meaning ventricle, larger lower heart chambers, more muscular (generates force to pump blood, left ventricle pumps blood to body, and right ventricle pumps blood to lungs) - Pertaining to between the ventricles: interventricular - venul/o - Combining form meaning venule, smallest veins (receives blood from capillaries, takes blood to larger veins) - Pertaining to a venule: venular Cardiology vocabulary aneurysm

Localized widening of artery due to weakness in arterial wall; may develop in any artery, but common sites are abdominal aorta and cerebral arteries

Angina pectoris

Severe chest pain caused by myocardial ischemia

arrhythmia

Irregular heartbeat

auscultation

Listening to sounds within body, such as heart or lungs, by using stethoscope

Bacterial endocarditis

Inflammation of inner lining of heart

Blood pressure (BP)

Abnormally slow heart rate below 60 beats per minute (ppm)

Cardiac arrest

Complete stoppage of all heart activity, both electrical signals and muscle contractions

Cardiac catheterization

Passage of thin tube (catheter) through veins or arteries leading into heart; used to detect heart abnormalities, to collect cardiac blood samples, and to determine pressure within heart

Cardiac enzymes

Complex proteins released by heart muscles when it is damaged; taken by blood sample to determine amount of

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

Combination of external compressions to sternum and rescue breathing to maintain blood flow and air

heart disease or damage; most common cardiac enzymes are creatine kinase (CK). glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

movement in and out of lungs during cardiac and respiratory arrest

Congenital septal defect (CSD)

Birth defect in wall separating two chambers of heart Congestive heart allowing blood to pass between two chambers; there can be failure (CHF) atrial septal defect (ASD) or ventricular septal defect (VSD)

Condition that develops when heart muscle is not able to pump blood forcefully enough, reducing blood flow to body; results in weakness, dyspnea, and edema

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

Open-heart surgery in which blood vessel, often leg vein, is grafted to route blood around occluded coronary artery

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

Chronic heart disease caused by arteriosclerosis or atherosclerosis of coronary arteries; also called arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD)

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Formation of blood clots in deep veins; usually occurs in legs; pieces of clot may break away forming emboli

defibrillation

Using instrument called defibrillator to give electrical shock to heart for purpose of converting arrhythmia back to normal heartbeat; also called cardioversion

Doppler ultrasonography

Imaging technique using ultrasound to create moving image; utilized to evaluate blood flow through blood vessels, movement of heart valves, and movement of heart muscle during contraction

electrocardiography

Diagnostic procedure that records electrical activity of heart; used to diagnose damage to heart tissue from coronary heart disease or myocardial infarction

endarterectomy

Surgical removal of inner lining of artery in order to remove plaques

fibrillation

Abnormal quivering or contractions of heart fibers; occurrence within fibers of ventricle of heart may result in cardiac arrest and death; emergency equipment to defibrillate, or convert heart to normal beat, is necessary

Heart murmur

Abnormal sound such as soft blowing sound or harsh click; may be soft and heard only with stethoscope or so loud it can be heard several feet away

Heart transplantation

Replacement of diseases of malfunctioning heart with donor’s heart

Heart valve prolapse

Cusps or flaps of heart valve are too loose and fail to shut tightly, allowing blood to flow backward (regurgitation) through valve when heart chamber contracts; most commonly occurs in mitral valve, but may aect any heart valve

Holter monitor

Portable ECG monitor worn by patient for period of few hours to few days to assess heart and pulse activity as person goes through activities of daily living; used to assess patient who experiences chest pain and unusual heart activity during exercise and normal activities

Hypertension (HTN)

Blood pressure above normal range; usually systolic pressure above 140 mmHg or diastolic pressure above 90 mmHg

hypotension

Decrease in blood pressure; can occur in shock, infection, cancer, anemia, or as death approaches

Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)

Electrical device implanted in chest cavity with electrodes to heart; applies shock to heart to stop potentially life-threatening arrhythmias such as fibrillation

infarct

Area of tissue necrosis (death) that develops from ischemia

Intravascular thrombolytic therapy

Treatment for clots occluding blood vessel; drugs, such as streptokinase (SK) or tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), are injected into blood vessels to chemically dissolve clots; commonly referred to as clot-busters

Myocardial infarction (MI)

Infarct of heart muscle caused by occlusion of one or more of coronary arteries; symptoms include angina pectoris and shortness of breath; also referred to as heart attack

Myocardial ischemia

Loss of blood supply to heart muscle tissue of myocardium due to occlusion of coronary artery; may cause angina

occlusion

Blockage of blood vessel or other hollow structure; may be caused by thrombus, plaque, or embolus

pectoris or myocardial infarction pacemaker

Electrical device that artificially stimulates contraction of heart muscle; treatment for bradycardia

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

Method for treating coronary artery narrowing; balloon catheter is inserted into coronary artery and inflated to dilate narrow blood vessel

Peripheral vascular disease (PVD)

Disease of blood vessels away from central region of body, most typically in legs; symptoms include pain, numbness, and impaired circulation

sphygmomanometer

Instrument for measuring blood pressure; also referred to as blood pressure cu

stent

Stainless steel tube placed within blood vessel or duct to widen lumen; may be placed in coronary artery to treat myocardial ischemia due to atherosclerosis

Stress test

Method for evaluating cardiovascular fitness; patient is placed on treadmill or bicycle and then subjected to steadily increasing levels of work; EKG and oxygen levels are taken while patient exercises; test is stopped if abnormalities occur on EKG

tachycardia

Abnormally fast heart rate greater than 100 beat per minute (bpm)

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)

Specialized echocardiography procedure in which patient swallows ultrasound head in order to better visualize internal cardiac structures, especially cardiac valves

Varicose veins

Swollen and distended veins, most commonly in legs

venipuncture

Puncture into vein to withdraw blood or inject medication or fluids

ACG

angiocardiography

AF

Martial fibrillation

AS

Aortic stenosis, arteriosclerosis

ASCVD

Arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease

ASD

Atrial septic defect

ASHD

Arteriosclerotic heart disease

AV, A-V

atrioventricular

BP

Blood pressure

bpm

Beats per minute

CABG

Coronary artery bypass graft

CAD

Coronary artery disease

cath

catheterization

CC

Cardiac catheterization

CCU

Coronary care unit

chd

Congestive heart disease

CHF

Congestive heart failure

CK

Creatine kinase

CP

Chest pain

CPR

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

CSD

Congenital septal defect

CV

cardiovascular

DVT

Deep vein thrombosis

ECG

electrocardiogram

ECHO

echocardiogram

EKG

electrocardiogram

GOT

Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase

HR

Heart rate

HTN

hypertension

ICD

Implantable cardioverter defibrillator

ICU

Intensive care unit

IV

intravenous

LDH

Lactate dehydrogenase

LVH

Left ventricular hypertrophy

MI

Myocardial infarction

mmHg

Millimeters of mercury

MS

Mitral stenosis

MVP

Mitral valve prolapse

NSR

Normal sinus rhythm

P

pulse

PTCA

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

PVC

Premature ventricular contraction

PVD

Peripheral vascular disease

SA, S-A

sinoatrial

SGOT

Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase

SK

streptokinase

SOB

Shortness of breath

TEE

transesophageal

tPA

Tissue-type plasminogen activator

V Fib

Ventricular fibrillation

VSD

Ventricular septal defect

VT, V-tach

Ventricular tachycardia

Exam review Record of a vessel: angiogram, process of recording a vessel: angiography, vessel tumor: angioma, surgical repair of a vessel: angioplasty, involuntary muscle spasm in a vessel: angiospasm, inflammation of many vessels: polyangiitis, pertaining to the aorta: aortic, surgical repair of the aorta: aortoplasty, pertaining to an artery: arterial, record of an artery: arteriogram, process of recording an artery: arteriography, suture of an artery: arteriorrhaphy, ruptured artery: arteriorrhexis, narrowing of an artery: arteriostenosis, small artery: arteriole, pertaining to an arteriole: arteriolar, hardening of plaque: atherosclerosis, surgical removal of plaque: atherectomy, pertaining to the atrium: atrial, pertaining to between the atria: interatrial, pertaining to the atrium and ventricle: atrioventricular, pertaining to the heart: cardiac, heart pain: cardiodynia, record of heart’s electrical activity: electrocardiogram, process of recording heart’s electrical activity: electrocardiography, enlarged heart: cardiomegaly, disease of the heart muscle: cardiomyopathy, ruptured heart: cardiorrhexis, pertaining to around the heart: pericardial, pertaining to inner lining of the heart: endocardial, pertaining to heart muscle: myocardial, pertaining ...