Med Term Ch 6 - Chapter 6!! - MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY PDF

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Chapter 6!!...

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Chapter 6 : Orthopedics Introduction to orthopedics -

Musculoskeletal system consists of : bones, muscles, and joints Bones joined together by ligaments: forms skeleton and framework of body Joints - Point where two bones meet; provides flexibility for movement Muscles - Attached to bones by tendons and Contract to move bones at each joint

Orthopedics - Also called orthopedic surgery, Branch of medicine concerned with bones, muscles, and joints - Orthopedists or orthopedic surgeons use medical, surgical, and physical means, to correct defects and improve function of bones, joints, and muscles - Examples of conditions include: birth defects such as spina bifida, trauma such as fractures, infections such as osteomyelitis, tumors such as osteogenic sarcoma, inflammatory conditions such as arthritis, and muscular problems such as muscular dystrophy Orthopedics combining forms arthr/o

joint

burs/o

bursa

chondr/o

cartilage

muscul/o

muscle

my/o

muscle

myel/o

Bone marrow

oste/o

bone

ten/o

tendon

tendin/o

tendon

orth/o

straight

Bone combining forms carp/o

Carpus (wrist)

clavicul/o

Clavicle (collar bone)

coccyg/o

Coccyx (tailbone)

cost/o

rib

crani/o

skull

femor/o

Femur (thigh bone)

fibul/o

Fibula (thinner lower leg bone)

humer/o

Humerus (upper arm bone)

ili/o

Ilium (part of pelvis)

ischi/o

Ischium (part of pelvis)

kyph/o

hump

lord/o

Bent backwards

mandibul/o

Mandible (lower jaw)

maxill/o

Maxilla (upper jaw)

metacarp/o

Metacarpus (hand bones)

metatars/o

Metatarsus (foot bones)

patell/o

Patella (kneecap)

phalang/o

Phalanges (fingers and toes)

pub/o

Pubis (part of pelvis)

radi/o

Radius (part of forearm)

sacr/o

Sacrum (part of pelvis)

scapul/o

Scapula (shoulder blade)

scoli/o

Crooked, bent

spondyl/o

vertebra

stern/o

Sternum (breast bone)

tars/o

Tarsals (ankle)

tibi/o

Tibia (shin, larger lower leg bone)

uln/o

Ulna (part of forearm)

vertebr/o

Vertebra (back bone)

cutane/o

skin

electr/o

electricity

fibr/o

fibrous

orth/o

straight

path/o

disease

-ac

Pertaining to

-al

Pertaining to

-algia

pain

-ar

Pertaining to

-ary

Pertaining to

-asthenia

weakness

-centesis

Puncture to withdraw fluid

-clasia

Surgical breaking

-cyte

cell

-desis

Surgical fusion

-dyna

pain

-eal

Pertaining to

-ectomy

Surgical removal

-genic

producing

-gram

record

-graphy

Process of recording

-ic

Pertaining to

itis-

inflammation

-kinesia

movement

-malacia

Abnormal softening

-metry

Process of measuring

-oma

tumor

-osis

Abnormal condition

-otomy

Cutting into

-ous

Pertaining to

-pathy

disease

-plasty

Surgical repair

-porosis

porous

-rrhaphy

suture

-rhhexis

rupture

-scope

Instrument for viewing

-scopy

Process of visually examining

-tome

Instrument to cut

-trophy

development

a-

without

brady-

slow

dys-

Dicult, painful, abnormal

inter-

between

intra-

within

hyper-

excessive

per-

through

-sub

under

supra-

above

chondroplasty

Surgical repair of cartilage

Sux review

Prefix review

Example of three types of joints found in the body

The skeleton

Types of muscles in the body

-

-

-Ac -

Sux meaning pertaining to Pertaining to under the ilium:subiliac

-

Sux meaning pertaining to Pertaining to the wrist : carpal Pertaining to between the ribs:

-

Pertaining to between the vertebra:

-al

intercostal intervertebral - -ar

-

joints

arthr/o -

Sux meaning pertaining to Pertaining to the fibula : fibular Combining form meaning joint Also called an articulation Formed when two bones meet Most joints are freely moving synovial

-

-

Process of visually examining a joint : arthroscopy, Surgical fixation of a joint : arthrodesis, Record of a joint : arthrogram

-ary burs/o chondr/o -

Sux meaning pertaining to, Pertaining to above the maxilla : supramaxillary Combining form meaning bursa Fluid-filled sac found between tendon and bone; serves to reduce friction, Bursa inflammation : bursitis, Surgical removal of a bursa : bursectomy Combining form meaning cartilage Tough, flexible connective tissue; covers ends of bones in joint; serves as shock absorber, Cartilage softening : chondromalacia, Cartilage tumor : chondroma

-

crani/o - Combining form meaning skull, Pertaining to the skull : cranial, Pertaining to within the skull : intracranial, Surgical repair of the skull : cranioplasty - -eal - Sux meaning pertaining to, Pertaining to the phalanges : phalangeal - -ic - Sux meaning pertaining to, Pertaining to above the pubic : suprapubic - -kinesia - Sux meaning movement, Slow movement: bradykinesia, dicult movement : dyskinesia, excessive movement : hyperkinesia - muscul/o - Combining form meaning muscle, contracts to produce movement - Three types: skeletal muscle moves skeleton, smooth muscle produces movement in internal organs like stomach and bladder, and Cardiac muscle produces heartbeat - Pertaining to within muscle : intramuscular - myel/o - Combining form meaning red bone marrow; found inside bones and produces blood cells - Red bone marrow tumor : myeloma, producing red bone marrow : myelogenic - my/o - Another combining form meaning muscle - Muscle pain : myalgia, muscle weakness : myasthenia, record of muscle’s electricity : electromyogram - oste/o - Combining form meaning bone; hard, calcified connective tissue - Functions: supports and moves body, protects internal organs like heart and lungs, houses red bone marrow, and serves as mineral storehouse - Bone cell : osteocyte, producing bone : osteogenic, bone and cartilage tumor : osteochondroma - spondyl/o - Combining form meaning vertebra, Abnormal condition of a vertebra : spondylosis - ten/o - Combining form meaning tendon; strong bands of connective tissue; anchors muscles to bone, Suture of a tendon : tenorrhaphy - tendin/o - Another combining form meaning tendon, Abnormal condition of a tendon : tendinosis Orthopedics vocabulary Bone graft

Surgical procedure that uses a piece of bone to replace lost bone or to fuse two bones together

Bone scan

Nuclear medicine scan using radioactive dye to visualize bones; especially useful for finding stress fractures and bone cancer

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

Repetitive motion disorder caused by pressure on tendons and nerves as they pass through carpal tunnel of wrist

Closed fracture

Ex: nerves and blood vessels enclosed by carpal tunnel formed by wrist bones and tendons

Broken bone with no open skin wound; also called simple fracture

Ex: A) closed or simple fracture B) open or compound fracture

Comminuted fracture

Bone break where bone shatters into many small fragments

Compound fracture

Broken bone with open skin wound; also called open fracture

Compression fracture

Bone break causing loss of height of vertebral body; may result from trauma, but in older persons, especially women, may occur in a bone weakened by osteoporosis

contracture

Abnormal shortening of muscle fibers, tendons, or connective tissue making it dicult to stretch muscle

Creatine kinase (CK)

Muscle enzyme found in skeletal and cardiac muscle; elevated blood levels associated with heart attack, muscular dystrophy, and other skeletal muscle pathologies

Deep tendon reflexes (DTR)

Involuntary muscle contraction in response to striking muscle tendon with reflex hammer; test used to determine whether muscles respond properly

dislocation

Occurs when bones in joint are displaced from normal alignment and ends of bones are no longer in contact with each other

Dual-energy absorptiometry (DXA)

Test using low-dose x-ray beams to measure bone density; used to diagnose osteoporosis

fibromyalgia

Chronic condition with widespread aching and pain in muscles and fibrous soft tissue

fixation

Procedure to stabilize fractured bone while it heals; external fixations includes casts, splints, and pins inserted through skin; internal fixation includes pins, plates, rods, scews, and wires that are put into place during a surgical procedure called open reduction

Fracture (FX. fx)

Broken bone

Greenstick fracture

Fracture with incomplete break; one side of the bone breaks and other side only bends; commonly seen in children because their bones are still pliable

Herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)

Protrusion of intervertebral disk between two vertebrae, which puts pressure on spinal nerves; also called herniated disk or ruptured disk; may require surgery

Impacted fracture

Fracture in which one bone fragment is pushed into another

kyphosis

Abnormal increase in normal outward curvature of thoracic spine; also called hunchback or humpback

lordosis

Abnormal increase in normal forward curvature of lumbar spine; also called swayback

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Diagnostic imaging technique that uses electromagnetic energy to produce an image; especially useful for viewing soft tissues, such as spinal cord and intervertebral disks

Muscle atrophy

Loss of muscle bulk due to muscle disease, nervous system disease, or lack of use; also called muscle wasting

Muscular dystrophy (MD)

One of a group of inherited diseases involving progressive muscle degeneration, weakness, and atrophy

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Large group of drugs that provide mild pain relief and anti inflammatory benefits for conditions such as arthritis

Oblique fracture

Bone break where fracture line runs along an angle to shaft of the bone

orthosis

Externally applied brace or splint to prevent or correct deformities, orthotist is person skilled in making and adjusting orthoses

Osteoarthritis (OA)

Arthritis caused by loss of cartilage cushion covering bones in joint; most common in bearing weight joints; results in bone rubbing against bone

osteoporosis

Condition that develops due to a decrease in bone mass; results in a thinning and weakening of the bone; may lead to pathologic fractures; most commonly seen in older women

Osteogenic sarcoma

Most common type of bone cancer; usually begins in osteocytes found at ends of bones; most frequently occurs in persons 10-25 years old

Pathologic fracture

Broken bone caused by diseased or weakened bone, not trauma

Percutaneous diskectomy

Thin catheter tube is inserted into intervertebral disk through skin to suck out pieces of herniated or ruptured disk; or laser is used to vaporize disk

prosthesis

Any artificial device used as substitute for body part that is either missing from birth or lost as the result of an accident or disease; example

radiography

Diagnostic imaging procedure using x-rays to see internal structure of body; especially useful for visualizing bones and joints

reduction

Correcting fracture or dislocation by realigning bone; closed reduction moves bones externally; open reduction manipulates bones through a surgical incision; open reduction usually performed before internal fixation of bone fragments

Repetitive motion disorder

Group of chronic disorders with tendon, muscle, joint, and nerve damage caused by prolonged periods of pressure, vibration, or repetitive movements

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Arthritis with swelling, stiness, pain, and degeneration of cartilage in joints caused by chronic soft tissue inflammation; may result in crippling deformities; an autoimmune disease

scoliosis

Abnormal lateral curvature of spine

spasm

Sudden, involuntary, strong muscle contraction

Spina bifida

Birth defect when vertebra fails to fully form around spinal cord; ranges from mild to severe; if spinal cord is damaged, paralysis results

Spiral fracture

Bone break in which fracture line spirals around shaft of the bone; caused by twisting injury; often slower to heal than other types of fractures

sprain

Ligament injury from overstretching, but without joint

strain

Damage to the muscle or tendons from overuse or

dislocation or bone fracture

overstretching

Stress fracture

A slight bone break caused by repetitive low-impact forces, like Total hip arthroplasty running, rather than single forceful impact (THA)

Surgical reconstruction of hip with artificial hip joint; also called total hip replacement (THR)

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA)

Surgical reconstruction of knee joint with artificial knee joint; also called total knee replacement (TKR)

Transverse fracture

Bone break with fracture line straight across shaft of bone

AE

Above elbow

AK

Above knee

BDT

Bone density test

BE

Below elbow

BK

Below knee

BMD

Bone mineral density

CTS

Carpal tunnel syndrome

DTR

Deep tendon reflex

EMG

electromyogram

IM

intramuscular

MD

Muscular dystrophy

C1, C2, etc

First cervical vertebra, second cervical vertebra, etc.

Ca

calcium

DJD

Degenerative joint disease

DXA

Dual-energy absorptiometry

FX, fx

fracture

HNP

Herniated nucleus pulposus

JRA

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

L1, L2, etc

First lumbar vertebra, second lumbar vertebra, etc.

LE

Lower extremity

LLE

Left lower extremity

LUE

Left upper extremity

NSAID

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

OA

osteoarthritis

ORIF

Open reduction-internal fixation

Orth, ortho

orthopedics

RA

Rheumatoid arthritis

RLE

Right lower extremity

RUE

Right upper extremity

T1, T2, etc

First thoracic vertebra, second thoracic vertebra, etc.

THA

Total hip arthroplasty

THR

Total hip replacement

TKA

Total knee arthroplasty

TKR

Total knee replacement

UE

Upper extremity

Instrument to cut bone

osteotome

Chapter 6 exam review Transcription practice 1. The shattered bone break required manipulation through a surgical incision and a surgical procedure to stabilize a. the comminuted fracture required open reduction and internal fixation 2. Diagnostic imaging procedure to visualize bones revealed a pertaining to the femur bone and cartilage tumor a. Radiography revealed a femoral osteochondroma 3. The patient chronically inflamed bursa eventually required surgical removal of the bursa a. The patient's chronic bursitis eventually acquired a bursectomy

4.

Mary's hand deformities from an autoimmune type of arthritis were improved by wearing an external brace or splint a. Mary's hand for Mathis from rheumatoid arthritis were improved by wearing and orthosis 5. When otto’s loss of cartilage cushion arthritis in his knee prevented him from walking, he had a surgical reconstruction with an artificial knee a. When otto’s osteoarthritis and his knee prevented him from walking he had a total knee arthroplasty 6. What first appeared to be a fracture of an angled fracture line turned out to be a fracture that spiral down the bone shaft a. What first appear to be an oblique fracture turned out to be a spiral fracture 7. A nuclear medicine scan of the bone was necessary to identify the slight fracture caused by repetitive low impact forces a. A bone scan was necessary to identify the stress fracture 8. jean’s pertaining to the vertebrae porous bones was diagnosed by low-dose x-ray beams that measure bone density a. jean’s vertebral osteoporosis was diagnosed by dual energy absorptiometry 9. The child abnormal movements caused the physician to suspect and inherited disease with progressive muscle degeneration and weakness a. The child's dyskinesia cause a position to suspect muscular dystrophy 10. The ankle damage to the tendon from overstretching with severe The ankle damage the tendon from overstretching was severe enough to require surgical fusion of the tendon to require surgical fusion of the tendon a. The ankle strain was severe enough to require a tenodesis Building terms Pertaining to the ilium: iliac, pertaining to under the ilium: subiliac, pertaining to the carpus: carpal, pertaining to the rib: costal, pertaining to between the ribs: intercostal, pertaining to the femur: femoral, pertaining to the humerus: humeral, pertaining to the ischium: ischial, pertaining to the metacarpus: metacarpal, pertaining to the metatarsus: metatarsal, pertaining to the radius: radial, pertaining to the sacrum: sacral, pertaining to the sternum: sternal, pertaining to under the sternum: substernal, pertaining to the tarsus: tarsal, pe...