Metalanguage List PDF

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Summary

List of metalanguage for VCE English Language (sorted into subsystems no definitions). Details which features are informal and formal....

Description

Metalanguage Prosodic features/prosody (stress, pitch, intonation, tempo, volume)

Subsystem Phonetic and Phonology

Vocal effects (laughter, cough, cry, breath)

Phonetics and Phonology

Processes in connected speech (assimilation, elision, insertion, vowel reduction)

Phonetics and Phonology

Australian accent (general, broad, cultivated) Phonological patterning (alliteration, assonance, consonance, onomatopoeia, rhythm, rhyme) Roots, stems, morphemes (free, bound, inflectional, derivational) Affixation (suffixation, suffixes, prefixes, infixes)

Phonetics and Phonology

Word classes (nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs, determiners, pronouns, prepositions, interjections, conjunctions)

Phonetics and Phonology

Relation to Register  Informal  Informal texts often mimic prosodic features. E.g. capitalisation, exclamation marks, quotation marks for sarcasm  Informal  Can be included in informal text with the work between asterisks  Informal  Formal language has more careful and complete articulation of words

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Strategic phonological patterning is formal

Morphology and Lexicology

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Morphology and Lexicology

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Suffixation (shortening and adding a diminutive) is an informal feature Informal texts often use second person pronouns to address the audience Formal texts won’t address the audience directly Informal texts often use first person pronouns whereas formal texts may eliminate these Informal texts are more likely to use phrasal verbs rather than formal texts (E.g. blown up vs inflated, got over vs recovered, mixed up vs confused)

Morphology and lexicology

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Morphological over-generalisation Diminutive/hypocorism Lexical field Content and function words Word formation processes (neologisms, blending, acronym, initialism, shortening, compounding, commonisation, conversion, borrowing, contractions, collocations, archaism) Form and function Word loss (loss of object/concept, taboo, loss of meaning through elevation or deterioration) Patterning (morphological, lexical) Lexical choices Phrases (noun, adjective, verb, prepositional, adverb) Clauses (main/independent,

Morphology and Lexicology Morphology Lexicology Morphology and Lexicology Morphology and Lexicology

Morphology and Lexicology

Morphology and Lexicology Morphology and Lexicology Syntax Syntax

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Creative word formation is informal

subordinate/dependent) Sentence structures (fragments, simple, compound, complex, compound-complex)

Syntax

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Ellipses

Syntax

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Nominalisation, backformation, gerunds Coordination and subordination Sentence types (declarative, imperative, interrogative, exclamative)

Syntax

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Syntax Syntax

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Basic functions in clause structure (subject, object, complement, adverbial) Active, passive and agentless voice

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Fragments are often informal Informal language often relies on simple and compound sentences Formal language often relies on complex and compound-complex sentences Used in informal language Words in formal language are rarely omitted even if repetitive Often used in formal language

Informal language uses a range of sentence types Formal language is often limited to declarative and sometimes interrogative

Syntax

Syntax

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Formal texts often use passive and agentless voice Informal texts often use active voice Formal texts may use listing to aid in cohesion Parallelism is formal

Syntactic patterning (listing, parallelism, antithesis)

Syntax

Paralinguistic features Code switching Features of spoken discourse (paralinguistic features, openings and closings, adjacency pairs, overlapping speech, interrogative tags, discourse particles and hedges, non-fluency features) Non-fluency features (pauses, filled pauses/voiced hesitations, false start, repetition, repair, stumbling)

Discourse Discourse Discourse

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Overlapping speech, discourse particles, hedges and interrogative tags are often informal language

Discourse

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Strategies in spoken discourse (topic management, turn-taking: taking & holding & passing, minimal responses/back-channelling, cohesion and coherence) Taking the floor strategies (discourse particles, explicit phrases, latching onto someone’s speech, eye gaze, leaning forward, audible intake of breath) Holding the floor strategies (continuing intonation, rising intonation, use of conjunctions, filled pauses, temporal markers) Passing the floor strategies

Discourse

Characteristic of informal and spontaneous language Formal language is often rehearsed and non-fluency features reduced Formal texts often have more structured floor/topic management

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Discourse

Discourse

Discourse

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(formulaic phrase, question and answer adjacency pairs, vocatives with interrogatives, falling/final intonation, discourse particle with silence) Transcriptions (legend/transcription key, line numbers, symbols) Coherence (cohesion, inference, logical ordering, formatting, consistency and conventions) Cohesion (lexical choice, informative flow, anaphoric references, cataphoric references, deictics, repetition, ellipses, substitution, conjunctions and adverbials) Formatting (headings and subheadings, typography, bullet point lists and borders and tables, images and graphics and charts) Informative flow (clefting; it-cleft & pseudo-cleft, front focus, end focus) Lexical choice (synonymy and antonymy, hyponymy, collocation) Conjunctions and adverbials (additives, contrastives, causes and effects, sequencing and timing) Relation of meaning and sign

Discourse Discourse

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Discourse

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Discourse

Discourse

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Front focus of conjunctions is informal

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Informal text often uses nonstandard orthography (spelling) Informal text can use emoticons with specific meanings

Discourse Discourse

Semantics

 Semantic field/domain Semantic over-generalisation, under-generalisation and inference Etymology Semantic change processes (broadening, narrowing, elevation, deterioration, shift) Denotation, connotation and codification

Semantics Semantics Semantics Semantics

Semantics

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Lexical choice, semantic patterning/figurative language (simile, metaphor, personification, animation, oxymoron, irony, lexical ambiguity, pun) Lexical meaning and sense relationships (synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, idiom, denotations and connotations) Antonyms (contradictories, gradable antonyms, relational opposites, converse terms) Euphemism and dysphemism

Formal texts won’t expect much inference from the audience Coherence and cohesion are important to formal texts Use of deictics is informal

Semantics

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Semantics

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Formal language often explains information in a denotative way Informal language may explain information in a connotative way Metaphor can be used instead of literal meanings for informal language

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Idioms are generally informal Formal language is usually more literal Sophisticated lexemes are formal

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Dysphemisms are often informal Euphemisms are often used in

Semantics

Semantics

formal texts Context (cultural, situational) Situational context factors (function, field, mode, setting, relationships between participants) Register Language acquisition (first-, additional-, bilingualism, multilingualism) Theories of child language acquisition and the critical period hypothesis/CPH (behaviourism, innatism, interactionism) Prescriptivism and descriptivism Standardisation and codification Lingua Franca and the IndoEuropean language family Linguistic relativism/linguistic reality/Sapir-Whorf hypothesis and linguistic determinism Language death, maintenance, shift and reclamation/revitalisation Pidgins and creoles Aboriginal English Social purpose (informal, formal) Standard and Non-Standard English Slang and colloquialisms Taboo language (profanities, obscenities, expletives, slurs, epithets) Positive and negative face needs Jargon and obfuscation Rhetoric Public language (politics, media, law, bureaucracy) Double-speak Political correctness Overt and covert norms Language varieties and speech communities (geographical varieties, ethnolects, sociolects, idiolects)

Other Other

Other Other

Other

Other Other Other Other

Other Other Other Other Other Other Other

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Informal language Usually informal language

Other Other

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Jargon is usually formal but can also be informal (E.g. gaming)

Other Other Other Other Other Other...