MHS1101 Laboratory Manual 2019 PDF

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MSH1101: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1

LABORATORY MANUAL 2019

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MSH1101: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1

Safety Guidelines Please familiarise yourself with the following safety sheets. They are designed to ensure your safety and that of your colleagues in the laboratory environment. SAFETY SHEET 1 Laboratory safety information: policy on safety in laboratories Follow the general safety rules and procedures outlined below and any specific requirements stipulated for particular units or laboratory activities (including external activities). 1.

Adopt an alert attitude in the laboratory and always be conscious of potential hazards.

2.

Identify the locations of the eyewash, safety shower, fire extinguishers and first-aid box.

3.

Be familiar with the emergency procedures which are displayed in the laboratory.

4.

Ensure that clothing is suitable to laboratory conditions, e.g. footwear, lab coat, safety glasses and gloves. Long hair needs to be tied back.

5.

Do not place bags on the floor where you may trip over them. Place in designated area.

6.

Do not smoke, consume food, drink or illicit drugs in the laboratory unless it is part of an experimental procedure.

7.

Do not pipette any liquids by mouth.

8.

Do not do practical work in isolation in a timetabled laboratory or workshop. Ensure a second person is within call. Any work performed outside a timetabled laboratory session is classed as “Project Work,” and is covered by the Faculty Policy on Undergraduate Project Work.

9.

Never run or engage in practical jokes or horseplay in the laboratory.

10. Exercise care when opening and closing doors and entering or leaving the laboratory. 11. Regard all chemicals as hazardous and all biological materials as potentially infectious unless there is definite information to the contrary. 12. If there is any procedure or activity that you do not want to complete (for personal or medical reasons) then consult with your class instructor. 13. Identify the known and possible hazards associated with any operation and adopt appropriate safety precautions. Consult the University and Faculty Safety Policies, which are located on the safety notice board in each laboratory. 14. Use safety carriers for transporting glass or plastic containers with a capacity of two litres or greater. 15. In the event of a spill, immediately inform the lecturer/demonstrator or the laboratory technician. Spills must be cleaned up immediately and thoroughly. 16. Report to the lecturer/demonstrator any equipment that is not working properly, any breakages or accidents. 17. Clean apparatus and benches, turn off power, gas and water before leaving the laboratory. 18. Wash your hands before leaving the laboratory, especially if you have been handling any chemicals, radioactive or biological materials. Remove laboratory coat before washing hands. 2

MSH1101: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1

19. Follow specific protocols for disposal of hazardous (biological, chemical, radioactive, infectious, etc.) and non-hazardous waste materials. 20. If in doubt about any procedure, ask your lecturer/demonstrator or other laboratory personnel.

SAFETY SHEET 2 Laboratory safety information: student responsibilities Following is an extract from the University’s Occupational Health and Safety Policy relating to responsibilities of students enrolled at Edith Cowan University.

Occupational Health and Safety Guidelines Responsibilities for health and safety at Edith Cowan University All staff and students are responsible for their own health and safety and for others whose activities they may influence or control. The degree of responsibility a person has will depend upon his or her level of influence or control. This concept is recognised in law. Students All students are responsible for working and acting safely. Specific responsibilities include: •

taking reasonable care of their own health and safety and that of co-students, staff members and members of the public;

•

cooperating with the implementation and administration of safety policies;

•

not interfering with or misusing anything provided in the interests of health and safety;

•

using plant and equipment as instructed;

•

reporting all accidents and near misses to the staff member in charge;

•

reporting all hazards or potential hazards of which they are aware and to assist with the avoidance, elimination or minimization of those hazards or potential hazards;

•

wearing protective clothing and use protective equipment provided in the manner properly instructed;

•

observing all instructions and rules issued to protect their safety and the safety of others; and

•

making proper use of all safeguards, safety devices, personal protective equipment and other appliances for safety purposes.

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MSH1101: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1

SAFETY SHEET 3 Laboratory safety information: personal protective equipment in the laboratory. Follow the general safety rules and procedures on the use of personal protective equipment outlined below and any specific requirements stipulated for particular units or laboratory activities (including external activities). Consult the Faculty Policy on Personal Protective Equipment in the Laboratory for more information. Laboratory coats Students and staff must wear a laboratory coat in all laboratory classes in chemistry units, and all other laboratory classes that involve and/or include the handling or demonstration of the following: •

hot liquids and corrosive agents

•

human body fluids

•

dissection

•

liquid radioactive materials

•

soldering

Students are required to provide their own laboratory coats for the above activities. Laboratory coats should be laundered frequently. In microbiology units, special wrap-around gowns must be worn. These are supplied by the Faculty for student use. These gowns must not be removed from the laboratory. In situations where blood products are being handled or demonstrated, plastic aprons will be provided by the Faculty and MUST be used. These aprons must also be disposed of in the correct infectious waste facilities as directed by the tutor or laboratory personnel.

Footwear Thongs, scuffs, sandals and bare feet are not permitted in any laboratory at any time. This applies to both lecture and laboratory sessions that are conducted in a laboratory. Only enclosed footwear is acceptable.

Gloves Students must wear disposable rubber gloves for all activities where potentially infectious or dangerous materials are handled; for example, body fluids, radioactive materials, and some chemicals. Latex gloves of small, medium, and large sizes are provided for all staff and students. Chemically-resistant, heat-resistant and low-temperature gloves must be used where required and instructed. These will be provided on request. Note: Wearing of gloves does NOT replace the need for hand washing, as gloves may have defects or may become damaged during use.

Safety glasses & over glasses Safety glasses must be worn in all chemistry units, and during laboratory classes involving the following activities: •

when liquids are heated 4

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•

when corrosive reagents are poured

•

when human body fluids are handled

•

when handling power tools

•

when using radioactive sources and materials

•

when working with electric circuits containing capacitors

•

when soldering.

Safety glasses and overglasses are provided by the Faculty for student use. Safety overglasses are provided for students who wear prescription glasses. Note that prescription glasses are not generally suitable as safety glasses. More specialised eye protection (e.g. full-face visor) should be worn where required and instructed, and will be supplied on request. Full face shields or visors must be worn during procedures involving the following: •

where splashing, splattering or spraying of blood or other body substances may occur

•

when pouring cryogenic fluids.

•

where there is a risk of explosion or implosion.

Full-face visors/shields should also be worn for procedures involving the following: • where glass apparatus is evacuated, recharged with gas, or is pressurized • when pouring corrosive liquids • when combustion processes are being carried out.

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SAFETY SHEET 4 Laboratory safety information: working with human body fluids Blood, urine, saliva, faeces and other body substances MUST be treated as potential sources of Hepatitis, HIV/AIDS, and other microbiological infections. Every care must be taken to avoid contamination by these types of specimens by strict adherence to laboratory rules, written guidelines and precautions.

Precautions 1.

Students are permitted to only work with their own blood and body substances or with specimens specifically obtained for experiments from the Blood Bank or hospitals and which have been tested for Hepatitis B and HIV/AIDS.

2.

Staff and students must understand the hazards of working with human body fluids and substances, and that updated correct techniques and handling procedures are thoroughly explained and demonstrated to all by experienced laboratory staff.

3.

Staff and students must be familiar with the Sharps Injury Protocol.

4.

Staff and students must be advised that Hepatitis B vaccination is recommended prior to working with human body substances.

5.

Plastic aprons, disposable gloves (of correct size), and safety glasses must be worn when handling body fluids. These items are supplied by the School for each laboratory class.

6.

All pipetting procedures must be done by hand. Mouth-pipetting techniques MUST NOT be used.

7.

Where experiments are being carried out on a common specimen of blood, the specimen must be first collected in a tube(s) containing anticoagulant. The tube(s) must then be safely secured in a rack and then individual samples withdrawn from the common sample(s).

8.

Where disposable needle/syringe units are used, the whole unit must be discarded directly into a sharps container. No attempt should be made to separate the needle from the syringe before discarding. (Refer to Faculty Sharps Policy for further information.)

9.

Lancets must only be used once and then immediately discarded into a sharps container. Used lancets must not be used by other staff or students. Used lancets must not be left on trays, benches, sinks, etc. Use forceps or tongs and a tray to transport improperly discarded lancets, needles, and other similar sharps to the sharps bin.

10.

Microscope slides used for blood and other body fluid smears, wet preparations, groupings, agglutinations, osmosis studies, etc. must be discarded in a sharps container immediately after completion of that part of the experiment.

11.

Contaminated cotton wool swabs, orange sticks, Alco wipes, and tissues should be placed in a biohazard waste bin.

12.

Contaminated haemometers, haemocytometers, and other types of cytometers and associated pipettes must be soaked in warm water with detergent or in a proteolytic enzyme cleaner prior to being soaked in disinfectant, or in a disinfectant-detergent agent. Broad spectrum disinfectant and detergent agents such as Biogram alleviate the need for two-stage soaking, and contaminated equipment and instruments that are made of phenol-resistant materials can be readily soaked in these solutions. (Refer to Faculty Infection Control Manual for choice of disinfectant.) 6

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13.

Benches must be wiped over with a suitable disinfectant such as Sodium Hypochlorite solution (1000ppm. conc.) or with 70% alcohol immediately after completion of work. (Refer to Spills Management section of the Faculty Infection Control Manual for cleaning of benches and other surfaces following spills and incidents involving large area contamination.)

Information for persons who may become exposed to body fluids If you (or any of your colleagues) become exposed to body fluids, then the following procedure must be followed:

Immediate Action: •

If skin is penetrated, wash the area well with soap and water (alcohol-based hand rinses or foams containing 60-90% alcohol by weight should be used when water is not available).

•

If blood, other body fluids or substances gets on the skin, irrespective of whether there are cuts or abrasions, wash well with soap and water.

•

If eyes are contaminated, rinse the area gently but thoroughly with water (using either the bottles at the safety eye stations or tap water) or normal saline, while the eyes are open.

•

If blood, other body fluids or substances get into mouth, spit out and rinse the mouth with water several times.

Then: •

Immediately report incident to supervisor, OS&H Representative or OS&H Office.

•

Complete and submit Accident Form.

•

Regardless of the status of the source of the specimen, the affected person should immediately be evaluated and risk-assessed by a trained health care worker or physician.

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SAFETY SHEET 5 Laboratory safety information: the use of radioactive materials in teaching laboratories Instructions to students The radioactive materials that you will be handling in your laboratory sessions are of a reasonably low activity, and usually less than 1 µCurie. Despite this, you should take adequate safety precautions to remove any possibility of contamination or injury. Students who do not adhere to these simple precautions will not be allowed to use these radioactive materials, and will be unable to complete the relevant laboratory session. When using radioactive materials, the following handling procedures must be followed: 1.

The lecturer/demonstrator will distribute radioactive sources to students as required.

2.

All sources should be handled with care. Disposable latex gloves and safety glasses/overglasses should be worn and forceps used when handling these sources. These are provided by the Faculty in all laboratories.

3.

Sources should be kept in their container when not in use, and the container kept as far away from the experiment as is practicable. As well as safety considerations, this is also required to prevent changes in background count which would interfere with your experimental results.

4.

Liquid Sources: Laboratory coats should be worn when using liquid sources. Experiments should be performed inside a plastic tray lined with absorbent material, so that if spillage of radioactive material occurs, it can be contained immediately. Under no circumstances should the plastic container containing the liquid source be opened - leaking containers should be reported and cleaned up immediately. Liquid sources should not be pipetted by mouth.

5.

Spillage Procedure: In the event of spillage of a liquid radioactive source occurring, immediately inform the lecturer/demonstrator, or the technical staff member assigned to your laboratory session.

6.

You should return the radioactive sources to the lecturer/demonstrator immediately you have completed your laboratory tasks.

7.

Latex gloves should be placed in the correct waste container upon completion of your work.

8.

You should not leave the laboratory until all sources that have been issued are returned to the class instructor and accounted for.

9.

Hand Washing: You should wash your hands before leaving the laboratory. This is essential as you will generally be handling lead as well as the radioactive material. Note that you should remove your laboratory coat before washing your hands.

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MSH1101: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1

SAFETY SHEET 6 Laboratory safety information: hand washing in microbiological laboratories Instructions to students High standards of hygiene are required for all health care procedures, including those where students are trained. Activities which can cause contamination include: •

handling equipment or instruments soiled with blood or other body substances

•

direct contact with body secretions or excretions

•

bacterial cultures

•

going to the toilet

A neutral pH soap (with no added substances which may cause irritation and dryness) should be used for routine hand washing. If liquid soap is dispensed from re-usable containers, these must be cleaned when empty and dried prior to refilling with fresh soap. Scrub brushes should not be used routinely, as their use may result in abrasion of the skin, and they may be a source of infection.

Field Emergencies In field emergencies, when hand washing facilities are limited or not available, it is advisable to use a detergent-containing towelette to cleanse hands before using any chlorhexidine antimicrobial hand washes. Single-use sachets of alcoholic chlorhexidine may be useful in field situations. Alcohol is not a good cleansing agent and is not recommended in the presence of physical dirt. Gloves should be used as an adjunct to hand washing when contamination of hands with blood or body fluids is anticipated. Gloves should be changed and hands

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Table 1: Hand Washing Techniques The following table is reproduced from Infection Control in the Health Care Setting, NHMRC/ANCA, April 1996. Type Routine hand wash

Technique Wet hands thoroughly and lather vigorously using neutral pH soap. Rinse under running water.

Duration 10-15 seconds

Drying Pat dry using paper towel

Example (When) Before eating After going to toilet Before significant contact with patients, e.g. physical examination, emptying a drainage reservoir (catheter bag)

Do not touch taps with clean hands - if elbow or foot controls are not available, use paper towel to turn taps off.

Before injection or venepuncture Before & after routine use of gloves After handling any instruments or equipment soiled with blood or body substances. Hand wash prior to aseptic procedures (nonsurgical)

Surgical wash

Wash hands thoroughly using an antimicrobial soap or skin cleanser. Rinse carefully. Do not touch taps with clean hands - if elbow or foot controls are not available, use paper towel to turn taps off. Wash hands, nails & forearms thoroughly & apply an anti-microbial skin cleanser (4% w/v chlorhexidine or detergent based povidone iodine with 0.75% available iodine). Rinse well & keep hands above elbows. Notouch techniques apply.

1 minute

Pat dry using paper towel

First wash for the day 5 minutes.

Dry with sterile towels

Subsequent washes ...