Unimelb PRAC Manual 2019 PDF

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University of Melbourne

Name________________________________ Student No ________________

Earth Sciences

ERTH10002

Understanding

Planet Earth Laboratory Manual Coordinator: Dr Anne-Marie Tosolini http: //www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au

THE GEOLOGICAL TIMESCALE

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TABLE OF CONTENTS GENERAL INFORMATION ............................................................................... 1 What is Geology? Careers in Geology .................................................................. 2 Courses in Geology ............................................................................................... 3 EARTH SCIENCE LIBRARY.............................................................................. 5 ACADEMIC INTEGRITY ................................................................................... 6 PRACTICAL 1: PLATE TECTONICS ............................................................ 7 PART 1: SEAFLOOR SPREADING .................................................................... 7 PART 2: PLATE TECTONICS ............................................................................ 13 PRACTICAL 2: MINERALS ............................................................................. 23 MINERAL HAND SPECIMEN IDENTIFICATION METHODS ...................... 23 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS RELATED TO LIGHT ................. 24 MINERAL BREAKAGE: CLEAVAGE, FRACTURE & PARTING ................. 25 MECHANICAL COHESION PROPERTIES: HARDNESS & TENACITY ...... 26 MASS DEPENDENT PROPERTIES: DENSITY & SPECIFIC GRAVITY ....... 27 CRYSTAL FORM & CRYSTALLOGRAPHY ................................................... 28 OTHER PROPERTIES ......................................................................................... 30 +MINERAL ANSWER WORKSHEETS ............................................................ 31 PRACTICAL 3: MINERALS & THE ROCK CYCLE ................................... 38 DISTINGUISHING MINERALS AND ROCKS ................................................. 38 TYPES OF ROCKS .............................................................................................. 39 THE ROCK CYCLE ............................................................................................. 40 PROPERTIES: MINERAL COMPOSITION ....................................................... 42 PROPERTIES: TEXTURE ................................................................................... 44 PROPERTIES: GRAINS....................................................................................... 46 CLASSIFICATION ............................................................................................... 48 SPECIFIC MINERAL GROUPS .......................................................................... 55 REVISION ............................................................................................................ 56 PRACTICAL 4: IGNEOUS ROCKS AND PROCESSES............................... 58 DESCRIPTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS ................... 58 COLOUR ............................................................................................................... 58 STRUCTURE ........................................................................................................ 59 TEXTURE ............................................................................................................. 61 MINERAL COMPOSITION................................................................................. 62 CLASSIFICATION ............................................................................................... 63 HYPABYSSAL & PYROCLASTIC ROCKS ...................................................... 66 PRACTICAL 5: SEDIMENTARY ROCKS AND PROCESSES ................... 67 DESCRIPTION OF DETRITAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS .............................. 69 CLASSIFICATION OF DETRITAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS ........................ 70 iii

BIOGENIC/CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS .......................................... 75 SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES ........................................................................ 76 GOOGLE EARTH EXERCISE ............................................................................ 78 DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS .................................................................. 79 SEDIMENTARY ROCK FLOW CHART ........................................................... 80 PRACTICAL 6: METAMORPHIC ROCKS AND PROCESSES ................. 81 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 81 FACTORS CONTROLLING METAMORPHISM .............................................. 82 TYPES OF METAMORPHISM ........................................................................... 82 TEXTURES IN METAMORPHIC ROCKS......................................................... 84 MINERAL COMPOSITION OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS.............................. 86 CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS 88 DETERMINING THE GRADE OF METAMORPHISM .................................... 90 PRACTICAL 7: INTRODUCTION TO GEOLOGICAL MAPS .................. 91 TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS ....................................................................................... 91 TOPOGRAPHIC PROFILES ................................................................................ 93 GEOLOGICAL MAPS CROSS-SECTIONS ....................................................... 95 INTERPRETATION OF OUTCROP PATTERNS ............................................ 99 GOOGLE MAP EXERCISE ................................................................................. 103 EXAGGERATED DIP IN GEOLOGICAL CROSS-SECTIONS ........................ 104 PRACTICAL 8: GEOLOGICAL MAPS AND STRUCTURES..................... 107 GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES: FOLDS ............................................................ 107 GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES: FAULTS.......................................................... 109 CLASSIFICATION OF FAULTS ........................................................................ 110 APPARENT DIP ................................................................................................... 113 GOOGLE MAP EXERCISE ................................................................................. 116 PRACTICAL 9: INTRODUCTION TO FOSSILS .......................................... 117 PALAEONTOLOGY, Systematic Classification ............................................... 117 Phylum CNIDARIA .............................................................................................. 118 Phylum BRACHIOPODA ..................................................................................... 119 Phylum MOLLUSCA ............................................................................................ 121 Phylum ARTHROPODA ...................................................................................... 127 Phylum ECHINODERMATA ............................................................................... 129 PRACTICAL 10: GEOLOGICAL HISTORIES ............................................. 132 Principles of Uniformitarianism, Stratigraphy and Faunal Succession ................. 133 Exercise 1 .............................................................................................................. 138 Exercise 2 .............................................................................................................. 140 Exercise 3 .............................................................................................................. 142 PRACTICAL EXAM (Practice past exam paper)............................................... 144 REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 148 iv

GENERAL INFORMATION Web site:

http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au

School of Earth Sciences

Objectives: This subject examines the fundamental elements that make up Planet Earth and will allow students to gain a deeper understanding of the processes governing the geological evolution of the Earth. This will be achieved via the lecture series, practical sessions and a four-day field trip, providing hands-on and theoretical investigations employing Victoria’s geology. Topics include identification of rock-forming and strategic oreforming minerals; understanding how igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks form and evolve and their plate tectonic context; the fundamental structure of the Earth is examined including origin of mountain ranges; and folding and faulting; the relationships between rock series in space and time; and dating of rocks in absolute and relative terms. The Palæontology part of this unit covers the nature of fossils; their uses, palæoecology, palæoenvironments, evolution and extinctions; including a review of the key groups of fossil invertebrates on Planet Earth; how fossils are used to understand past ways of life. These studies are integrated with field case studies, during a four-day field trip, that are used to interpret the geological evolution of the region. On completion of this subject, students should understand and be able to identify the basic components that make up Planet Earth; comprehend the diversity of the rock-forming minerals, the processes by which rocks form and evolve; the use of structural geology in interpreting the relationships between rock units in time and space; and the contribution of palæontology to the study of evolution. Students will appreciate the contribution of mineralogy, petrology, structural geology, sedimentology and palæontology to the interpretation of the history of Planet Earth. The course comprises 24 lectures and 11 practical sessions (each of three hours): Lectures: All lectures are held in the Fritz Loewe theatre, located on Level 2 of the McCoy building (note that you enter the foyer of this building on Level 2). There are two lectures per week according to the schedule; please check the online University of Melbourne timetable. Practicals: PRACTICAL CLASSES START IN THE FIRST WEEK OF SEMESTER Practical classes are compulsory and you will be allocated to one three hour session per week. All practical sessions are held in the Skeats Laboratory (Room 209, Level 2 of the McCoy Building): Monday 11.00 am – 2.00 pm; Thursday 1.00 pm – 4:00 pm. PLEASE TREAT MINERAL AND ROCK SPECIMENS WITH CARE. ALL SPECIMENS MUST BE REPLACED IN THE CORRECT TRAY, POSITION AND SET AFTER USE. UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES MAY SPECIMENS BE REMOVED FROM THE LABORATORY. Highly recommended: Hamblin & Christiansen EARTH'S DYNAMIC SYSTEMS (10th Edition), 2003, Prentice-Hall. Grotzinger & Jordan, UNDERSTANDING EARTH (6th Edition), 2010, Freeman. Useful (buy second hand copy, or see Library reserve): Skinner, B.J. & Porter, S.C., Physical Geology, Wiley; OR Clarke, I.F. & Cook, B.J., Geological Science Perspectives of the Earth, 1983, AAS. Field Work: The excursion is compulsory. The field trip will run during the mid-semester break. The field trip will have worksheets to be completed during the excursion to be submitted at the end of the trip for assessment. Assessment Please see the University of Melbourne Handbook or the LMS online for details on assessments. Hurdle requirement: Students must attend 80% of practical classes, attend the field trip, and pass the practical exam. A pass in the practical, fieldwork and theory components is necessary to pass the subject.

Texts:

Enquiries: 1. General enquiries should be made at the Departmental Office (Level 4, McCoy Building). 2. For enquiries concerning the practical course, excursions, handouts and access to laboratories, see the lecturers. Students should feel free to discuss their work with staff. 3. In the event of any difficulties, students are also advised to consult the lecturers concerned with the various parts of the lecture course. Closing Time: The building is closed at 6.30 pm Monday to Friday and the doors are locked.

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What is Geology? The School of Earth Sciences offers two main disciplines at the undergraduate level: Geology and Atmospheric Science/Oceanography. Earth Sciences students may choose to major in Geology, or in Atmosphere & Ocean Science. Geology concerns the solid Earth, in particular the rocks and their constituent minerals and fossils. The geological record of rocks, formed over much of the Earth's 4500 million year history, are the raw materials of geology. The study and interpretation of the geological record is of paramount importance in the search for natural resources like gold, coal, oil, groundwater and rock material used for construction work. Geology, with other appropriate subjects, prepares the graduate for a career in a wide range of fields.

Careers in Geology Make a difference with your career, choose a degree in Earth Sciences: http://whereonearth.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/

A career in the Geology opens up a wide range of opportunities to graduates, in Australia and overseas. Geologists and geophysicists are the backbone of resource income earned in Australia. Employment sources include the mineral and petroleum industries or government agencies such as the CSIRO, Geological Survey and the Victorian Department of Primary Industries/Department of Sustainability & Environment or federal Geoscience Australia and Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts/Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency. Elsewhere, opportunities include site investigation for renewable energy sources, dams, tunnels, roads and railways, the development of underground water resources, studies of coastal processes and their impact, earthquake and landslide risk assessment, environment impact studies, teaching, and field and laboratory research programs. Geologists work in all parts of Australia, from the temperate zones to the deserts, the tropics and to oceans beyond our coastline. Many Australian geologists work overseas, including Antarctica, Europe, the Americas and the Asia-Pacific region. There are also opportunities to work in a head office or mine site environment, or with computers, electron microscopes and other high-tech equipment in laboratories. Geology students generally obtain work experience during university vacation periods, helping to ease the transition from study to the work force. As their careers develop, graduates in Geologists can gain employment in other disciplines where their knowledge of the Earth, its processes and resources is important. Graduates can be found in stockbroking, investment analysis, information technology management, government administration, and private and government environmental groups.

Some Specific Careers in Geology Exploration Geologist Finds and evaluate new deposits such as gold or platinum, or energy sources such as coal or petroleum, using geological techniques, information from field studies, geophysical surveys and remote sensing.

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Mine Geologist Investigates the nature of existing deposits using similar techniques, and works closely with other specialists like mining engineers and geophysicists to determine the most effective way to extract resources in the mining operation. Hydrogeologist Investigates the location and movement of water beneath the ground surface using geological techniques. Investigates contaminated sites and salinity. Advise farmers, planners and other authorities on the best way to manage and develop groundwater resources.

Environmental Geologist Assesses the effects of mining, farming and other activities on the environment and advises on the rehabilitation of damaged areas. Works on hazard prediction and management.

Geophysicist Uses sophisticated technology to measure and interpret the Earth's physical properties and makes specialist contributions to many applied geology studies.

Science Teacher Educates students in geology, environmental science, geography and general science.

Science Communicator Communicates the disciplines of earth sciences, geology, environmental science and general science to the public, e.g. Sir David Attenborough.

Courses in Geology In the first semester of your first year at the University of Melbourne, you will have completed the Earth Sciences subject ERTH10001 The Global Environment. This course is recommended for the second semester subject in the Earth Sciences, ERTH 10002. Students continuing into second year in Geology are advised to take both ERTH10001 and ERTH10002 in their first year. Those following a stream in Atmosphere & Ocean Sciences are advised to take ERTH10001 and first year mathematics.

Later Year Subjects in Geology In second year, students intending to major in geology take four subjects representing half of a years work for a normal second year student; students take other science subjects for the remaining time. In third year, students can take the majority of their subjects in geology and/or geophysics, or take other subjects with them. It is worth noting that in addition to the usual formal methods of teaching - lectures and laboratory classes - geology features several field excursions. These are the best format for teaching a practical subject, and it is on these excursions that a good camaraderie is established between students and with staff. Whereas completion of the third year in geology and geophysics is the minimum education necessary to become a professional geologist, usually a student is expected to have completed a fourth (Honours) year or a Masters (2 years). Both Honours and Masters involve a research project that will vary depending upon your interests, often involving mapping, data acquisition, interpretation and laboratory work. In addition, further advanced course work is undertaken.

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Geology FIRST YEAR ERTH10001 The Global Environment Semester 1

(12.5 pts)

ERTH10002 Understanding Planet Earth Semester 2

(12.5 pts)

SECOND YEAR GEOL20001 Geology of Southeast Australia Summer Sem (February) (12.5 pts) GEOL20002 Structural & metamorphic geology Sem 1 (12.5 pts) GEOL20003 Earth Composition, minerals & magma Sem 1 (12.5 pts) GEOL20004 Field mapping & Sedimentary Geology Sem 2 (12.5 pts)

THIRD YEAR GEOL30002 Tectonics & Geodynamics Sem 1 (12.5 pts) GEOL30004 Geochemistry & Petrogenesis Sem 1 (12.5 pts) GEOL30001 Hydrogeology

Sem 1 (12.5 pts)

GEOL30007 Geobiology & Palaeobiology Sem 1 (12.5 pts) GEOL30003 Sedimentary Geology GEOL30006 Economic Geology

Sem 2 (12.5 pts) Sem 2 (12.5 pts)

GEOL30009 Advanced Field Geology Sem 2 (12.5 pts) GEOL30005 Applied Geophysics Sem 2 (12.5 pts)

FOURTH YEAR & POSTGRADUATE STUDIES Students in Earth Sciences often continue on to Honours and Postgraduate (PhD and Masters) studies. Entry into Honours requires 50 points of 300-level geology subjects. Honours & Masters includes course work as well as a research project which is written up as a thesis.

geology rocks!

geology rocks!

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EARTH SCIENCES LIBRARY The Earth Science Branch Library is located on Eastern Resource Centre. The Eastern Resource Centre (ERC) is the first Student Learning Centre on the Parkville Campus of the University of Melbourne (Melway 2009 Map X871 J12, Building 171). It forms part of the Eastern Precinct Science Student Centre. For details on Library use for Earth Sciences students please see: http://unimelb.libguides.com/earthsciences

1. Enquiries direct to Eastern Resource Centre: Ph +(61 3) 8344 0444 2. General Library enquiries (including email via Parkville campus) http://www.library.unimelb.edu.au/contact_the_library Faculty staff and students are welcome to contact the specialist Library staff listed below: David Honeybone Earth Sciences and Science Liaison Librarian [email protected] +61 3 9035 4414 Remember not to leave valuables unattended. •

You are eligible to borrow from other academic institutions, for further information please contact the librarian.

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ACADEMIC INTEGRITY POLICY: PLAGIARISM

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