Microbiology A Systems Approach: Ch6 Test Bank PDF

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Test bank for General Microbiology, Microbiology a systems approach....

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Student name:__________ TRUE/FALSE - Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 1) When a virus enters a host cell, the viral genes redirect the genetic and metabolic activities of the host cell. ⊚

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2)

Viruses are used to produce vaccines for prevention of certain viral infections.

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3) mm.

Viruses are considered ultramicroscopic because they range in size from 2 mm to 450

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true

4)

A fully formed virus that can cause an infection in a host cell is called a virion.

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true

5)

Spikes are glycoproteins that can be found projecting from the viral capsid.

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6) Each virus is classified into a genusbased on its host, target tissue, and type of disease it causes. ⊚

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7)

Animal viruses have the ability to attach to and enter almost any animal host cell.

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8)

Viral spikes are inserted into the host cell membrane before budding or exocytosis.

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9)

Prophages can be activated into viral replication and enter the lytic cycle.

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10) Bacteriophages do not undergo adsorption to specific host cell receptors prior to penetration. ⊚

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11) Viruses are the most common cause of acute infections that do not result in hospitalization. ⊚

true

12)

The adeno-associated virus (AAV) and the delta agent are prions.

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13)

Viruses are simple, noncellular, lacking mRNA and ribosomes.

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14)

Viruses mutate, and some viruses have not been discovered.

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15)

Viruses are not filterable.

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Viruses are unable to multiply outside of a host cell.

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17) Viral nomenclature uses the same system as living organisms; a genus and specific epithet is designated for each virus. ⊚

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18) Using species names for viruses is controversial since viruses are not considered living organisms, and they change over time so characteristics that may be used for speciation are unstable. ⊚

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MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 19) Viruses exhibit all the following except ______.

A) definite shape B) metabolism C) genes D) ability to infect host cells E) ultramicroscopic size

20)

Host cells of viruses include ______.

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A) humans and other animals B) plants and fungi C) bacteria D) protozoa and algae E) All of the choices are correct.

21)

Viruses ______.

A) cannot be seen in a light microscope B) are prokaryotic C) contain 70S ribosomes D) undergo binary fission

22)

Viral capsids are made from subunits called ______.

A) envelopes B) spikes C) capsomeres D) prophages E) peptones

23)

Helical and icosahedral are terms used to describe the shape of a viral ______.

A) spike B) capsomere C) envelope D) capsid E) core

24)

A/an _______ is the protein shell around the nucleic acid core of a virus.

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A) capsomere B) capsid C) spike D) envelope E) monolayer

25) One of the principal viral capsid shapes is a 20-sided figure with 12 evenly spaced corners referred to as a/an _______ capsid.

A) spiked B) complex C) icosahedral D) helical E) buckeyball

26)

A naked virus only has a/an ______.

A) capsomere B) nucleocapsid C) envelope D) antigenic surface

27)

Which of the following is not a typical capsid shape?

A) Tetrahedral B) Complex C) Helical D) Icosahedron

28)

All of the following pertain to virus envelopes except ________.

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A) gained as a virus leaves the host cell membrane B) gained as a virus leaves the nuclear membrane C) contain special virus proteins D) help the virus particle attach to host cells E) located between the capsid and nucleic acid

29)

Viral spikes ________.

A) are always present on enveloped viruses B) attach the viral capsid and envelope C) allow bacteria to evade host defenses D) are derived from host proteins E) are for recognition among the various types of viruses

30)

The core of every virus particle always contains ______.

A) DNA B) capsomeres C) enzymes D) DNA and RNA E) either DNA or RNA

31)

Which of the following is not associated with every virus?

A) Envelope B) Capsomeres C) Capsid D) Nucleic acid E) Genome

32)

Viral nucleic acid types include which of the following?

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A) Double-stranded DNA B) Single-stranded DNA C) Double-stranded RNA D) Single-stranded RNA E) All of the choices are correct.

33)

Reverse transcriptase synthesizes ________.

A) a positive RNA strand from a negative RNA strand B) a negative RNA strand from a positive RNA strand C) viral RNA from DNA D) viral DNA from RNA

34)

A negative RNA virus must first ________.

A) synthesize a DNA copy of its genome B) synthesize a negative RNA copy of its genome C) synthesize a positive RNA copy of its genome D) transcribe reverse transcriptase E) transcribe RNA polymerase

35) Viruses with _____-sense RNA contain the correct message for translation, while viruses with _____-sense RNA must first be converted into a correct message.

A) positive; negative B) negative; positive C) primary; secondary D) secondary; primary E) intermediate; primary

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36) Classification of viruses into families involves determining all the following characteristics except ________.

A) type of nucleic acid B) type of capsid C) presence of an envelope D) biochemical reactions E) number of strands in the nucleic acid

37)

Which of the following represents a virus family name?

A) Herpes simplex virus B) Herpesviridae C) Picornavirus D) Enterovirus E) Hepatitis B virus

38)

Which of the following is not a viral order in the classification system?

A) Caudovirales B) Vaccinia virus C) Nidovirales D) Mononegavirales

39)

The correct sequence of events in viral multiplication is ________.

A) penetration, uncoating, synthesis, adsorption, assembly, and release B) uncoating, penetration, synthesis, assembly, absorption, and release C) adsorption, penetration, uncoating, synthesis, assembly, and release D) assembly, synthesis, uncoating, release, penetration, and adsorption E) adsorption, release, synthesis, uncoating, assembly, and penetration

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40)

Viruses acquire envelopes around their nucleocapsids during ______.

A) replication B) assembly C) adsorption D) release E) penetration

41) In general, most DNA viruses multiply in the host cell's _____, while most RNA viruses multiply in the host cell's _____.

A) nucleus; cytoplasm B) cytoplasm; cell membrane C) cell membrane; cytoplasm D) cytoplasm; nucleus E) nucleus; endoplasmic reticulum

42)

Host range is limited by the _______.

A) type of nucleic acid in the virus B) age of the host cell C) type of host cell receptors on cell membrane D) size of the host cell

43)

Oncogenic viruses include all the following except ______.

A) hepatitis B virus B) measles virus C) Papillomavirus D) HTLV-I and HTLV-II viruses E) Epstein-Barr virus

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44)

Which of the following is/are type(s) of cytopathic effects?

A) Inclusions in the nucleus B) Multinucleated giant cells C) Inclusions in the cytoplasm D) Rounding of cells E) All of the choices are correct.

45)

The envelope of enveloped viruses _______.

A) is identical to the host plasma membrane B) is only composed of host endomembrane C) does not contain spikes D) is obtained by viral budding or exocytosis E) makes the virus very susceptible to drug therapy

46)

Viruses attach to their hosts via ______.

A) host glycoproteins B) host phospholipids C) viral phospholipids D) viral flagella E) carbohydrate attachments of the viral capsid

47)

Viral tissue specificities are called ______.

A) ranges B) virions C) receptacles D) tropisms E) uncoating

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48) The process of dissolving the envelope and capsid to release the viral nucleic acid is ______.

A) adsorption B) penetration C) uncoating D) synthesis E) assembly

49)

Which of the following occurs during assembly?

A) The nucleocapsid is formed. B) New viral nucleic acid is formed. C) Viral spikes insert in host cell membrane. D) The nucleocapsid is formed and viral spikes insert in host cell membrane. E) The viral envelope and the host cell membrane fuse.

50)

Mammalian viruses capable of starting tumors are ______.

A) chronic latent viruses B) oncoviruses C) syncytia D) inclusion bodies

51)

Persistent viruses that can reactivate periodically are ______.

A) chronic latent viruses B) oncoviruses C) syncytia D) inclusion bodies E) cytopathic

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52)

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a transformed cell?

A) Viral nucleic acid integrated into host DNA B) Decreased growth rate C) Alterations in chromosomes D) Changes in cell surface molecules E) Capacity to divide indefinitely

53)

New, nonenveloped virus release occurs by ______.

A) lysis B) budding C) exocytosis D) both lysis and budding E) both budding and exocytosis

54)

What structures are used by bacteriophages to attach to host cell receptors?

A) Viral sheaths B) Tail fibers C) Nucleic acids D) Capsid heads

55)

Which of the following is incorrect about prophages?

A) Present when the virus is in lysogeny B) Formed when viral DNA enters the bacterial chromosome C) Replicated with host DNA and passed on to progeny D) Cause lysis of host cells E) Occur when temperate phages enter host cells

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56)

T-even phages ______.

A) include the poxviruses B) infect Escherichia coli cells C) enter host cells by engulfment D) have helical capsids

57) The event that occurs in bacteriophage multiplication that does not occur in animal virus replication is ______.

A) adsorption to the host cells B) injection of only the viral nucleic acid into the host cell C) host cell synthesis of viral enzymes and capsid proteins D) assembly of nucleocapsids E) replication of viral nucleic acid

58) Viruses that cause infection resulting in alternating periods of activity with symptoms and inactivity without symptoms are called ______.

A) latent B) oncogenic C) prions D) viroids E) delta agents

59)

Uncoating of viral nucleic acid _______.

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A) does not occur in bacteriophage multiplication B) involves enzymatic destruction of the capsid C) occurs during penetration in the multiplication cycle D) occurs before replication E) All of the choices are correct.

60)

In transduction, the viral genome _______.

A) initiates lysis of the host B) includes DNA from the previous host C) is replicated in the cytoplasm D) is replicated in the nucleus

61)

Lysogeny refers to _______.

A) altering the host range of a virus B) the latent state of herpes infections C) virions exiting host cell D) the viral genome inserting into bacterial host chromosome

62)

Viruses that infect bacteria are specifically called ______.

A) viroids B) prions C) bacteriophages D) satellite viruses

63) During lysogeny, an inactive prophage state occurs when the viral DNA is inserted into the host ______.

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A) cytoplasm B) nucleus C) nucleolus D) DNA E) cell membrane

64)

What type of phage enters an inactive prophage stage?

A) Primary B) Secondary C) Temperate D) Temporary E) Transformed

65)

The activation of a prophage is called ______.

A) activation B) lysogeny C) transformation D) induction E) adsorption

66)

When a bacterium acquires a trait from its temperate phage, it is called ______.

A) transformation B) lysogenic conversion C) viral persistence D) transcription E) translation

67)

Which of the following will not support viral cultivation?

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A) Live lab animals B) Embryonated bird eggs C) Primary cell cultures D) Continuous cell cultures E) All of the choices will support viral cultivation.

68) Visible, clear, well-defined patches in a monolayer of virus-infected cells in a culture are called ______.

A) patches B) buds C) plaques D) cytopathic effects E) pocks

69) Viral growth in bird embryos can cause discrete, opaque spots in the embryonic membranes called ______.

A) patches B) buds C) plaques D) cytopathic effects E) pocks

70)

Cells grown in culture form a/an ______.

A) monolayer B) bilayer C) aggregate D) plaque

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71) Diagnosis of viral infections sometimes involves analyzing the patient's blood for specific _____ that the immune system produces against the virus.

A) glycoproteins B) antibodies C) complement proteins D) antigens

72) Freshly isolated animal tissue that is placed in a growth medium and allowed to produce a cell monolayer is referred to as a/n _____ cell culture.

A) initial B) primary C) secondary D) continuous E) positive

73) A common method for cultivating viruses in the lab is to use in vitro systems called _____ cultures.

A) embryo B) cell C) plaque D) bacteriophage E) egg

74)

Infectious protein particles are called ______.

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A) viroids B) phages C) prions D) oncogenic viruses E) spikes

75)

Infectious naked strands of RNA that affect plants are called ______.

A) viroids B) phages C) prions D) oncogenic viruses E) spikes

76)

Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease is _______.

A) caused by a chronic latent virus B) initiated by an oncogenic virus C) caused by a viroid D) a spongiform encephalopathy of humans E) also called "mad cow disease"

77)

Satellite viruses are _______.

A) also called viroids B) dependent on other viruses for replication C) the cause of spongiform encephalopathies D) significant pathogens of plants

78) Two noncellular agents, smaller than viruses, are infectious proteins called _____ and infectious RNA strands called _____.

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A) prions; capsomeres B) virions; prions C) viroids; phages D) prions; phages E) prions; viroids

79) Who developed a rabies vaccine after realizing the disease was caused by something smaller than a bacterium?

A) Leeuwenhoek B) Koch C) Pasteur D) Cohn E) Ivanovski

80)

The primary purpose(s) of viral cultivation is/are to _______.

A) isolate and identify viruses in clinical specimens B) prepare viruses for vaccines C) do detailed research on viral structure, lifestyle, genetics, and effects on host cells D) perform wide-scale harvesting of viruses E) All of the choices are correct.

81) A treatment for bacterial infections from the early 20th century has made a comeback; the use of bacterial viruses to eliminate bacterial infections. Which explanation most accurately describes the mechanism of action behind this treatment?

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A) A wide variety of bacteria cause a large percentage of human infections, producing much sickness and death. B) Viruses can infect bacteria, transferring pathogenic genes. The viral genes can then be suppressed, causing the bacteria to not replicate viruses. C) The attachment structures on the virus and the receptors on the host cells make for exquisite specificity of viruses for particular bacterial species. D) Antibiotic resistance in humans is on the increase, so using a different kind of therapy is more beneficial.

82) Some animals can become infected with multiple influenza virus strains usually associated with other animals. Which statement below describes the result of these infections?

A) immunity. B) C) D)

83)

A new novel strain of flu may be produced, for which the human population has no Major genetic variations in the flu viruses can be reproduced. The viral genomes within the host cells can become recombined. All of the choices are correct.

How are viroids transmitted?

A) Respiratory secretions B) Sex C) Plant seeds D) Blood products

84) Tamiflu is a common medication given for influenza treatment. It works by protecting and blocking sialic acid molecules on the surfaces of host cells and influenza virus envelopes as they leave the cell. Which statement reflects the mechanism of Tamiflu's action?

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A) Tamiflublocks protein synthesis of the viral genome. B) Tamiflu interferes with the replication of +ssRNA from the -ssRNA genome of the flu virus. C) Tamiflu interferes with the release of the budding viruses from the infected host cells. D) Tamiflu interferes with the metabolic properties of the virus.

85) Successful anti-HIV drug therapies today work by blocking the action of viral reverse transcriptase. Select which step of virus multiplication that would be directly blocked by this mechanism.

A) Adsorption B) Penetration C) Synthesis D) Assembly E) Release

86) You are working in a laboratory that is studying a newly isolated virus. Your job is to culture the virus using in vitro methods. Upon observing your inoculated tissue culture speci...