Midterm Review Guide- OHSC PDF

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OHSC3370 Midterm Review Guide OHS Professionals/ 40 MC/4 Short An. Chapter 1: Introduction: Occupational Health & Safety   

Recognition, assessment, control of hazards associated with the work environment A hazard is any source of potential adverse health effect, damage, or harm on something Chemical, biological, physical and psychological

How did OHS develop, historically, throughout the past few centuries, and what were some major health and safety revelations of each? Occupational injuries and illness have been documented “work-related”:  

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From Ancient Egypt: Stonemasons & potters experienced respiratory problems Technology advanced: cases of vomiting, copper-induced dermatoses o (skin disease) o hepatic (liver) o Labors worked with iron: high fever, coughing, headache, lung cancer Industrial Revolution: mechanists, brown lung disease caused by excessive inhalation of dust Late 19th century: Ontario legislation established safety standards Early 20th century: Canada passed factory laws to regulate heating, lighting, ventilation,

What are the three principle rights of workers? -

The right to refuse dangerous work Right to participate in identifying and correcting health & safety Right to know about hazards in the workplace

Discuss the three important considerations involved in OHS. -

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Economic considerations: work-related injury, direct and indirect costs Legal considerations: major driver of OH&S activities, every worker has the legal right to safe working conditions under OH&S acts o Due diligence: an expected standard of conduct that requires employers to take every reasonable precaution to ensure safety Moral considerations: obligated to employees and their families to provide safest working environment possible. Ex: ethical

Differentiate among the 4 different stakeholders involved in OHS. Government Organized labor/unions Contractors Families

Employees Supervisors, managers, seniors executives Public org Communities

Employers OHSC professionals Industry specific OHS Health care providers

Discuss the view of the “3 E’s” related to OHS, and why they do not provide a total solution. -

Engineering: Solutions to ensure safe work environments, equipment’s and personal protective devices Enforcing: Existing regulations and practices Educating: Supervisors and employers in the use of equipment

Differentiate among the different OHS Professionals involved in various industries.     

OHS Advisor OHS Officer Occupational Industry Hygienist Ergonomist Occupational Physician

Focus on the various health and safety events that led to change in the way we manage safety. 1. Royal commission on the relations of capital and labour in Canada 1889 2. Canada labour standards code and the Canada labour safety code 1974

Chapter 2: Legislation Differentiate among the different areas of OHS Legislation, including the OHS Act, Regulation and Code. -

OHS legislations o Includes: act, powers of enforcement, worker’s rights to refuse unsafe work, protection of workers from reprisals, duties and responsibilities assigned to employers and others o Internal responsibility is the key concept that underlines all Canadian OHS legs o Provincial/territorial (94% of workers (under OHS legislation) o Federal OHS legislations contained in Part II of Canada labor code o Jurisdictions: 10% federal, 90 % provincial o 1. Who must do action? o 2. What has to be done? o 3. When is it done? o 4. What other details specific?

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OHS Act o federal, provincial, or territorial law that constitutes the basic regulatory mechanism for occupational health and safety o Laws that help protect your health and safety at workplace o Defines responsibility of workers, employers, prime contractors/obligations of rights o Establishes broad rules of procedure in case of a workplace incident o Creates the authority of the regulation and code; ex: prime contract

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OHS Regulations o explains how the general intent of the act will be applied in specific circumstances o Establishes a broad provision rules that apply to Alberta workplace *& government policies to ensure protection of employees o Administrative process; ex: safety training

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OHS Code o Detailed technical requirement for creating health and safety o Contains references to recognizes technical standards (CSA) o Provide practical guidance on the implementation of OHSC practices o Example: working Alone

Jurisdiction

Legislation

Government Agency Responsible

Canada Federal

Canada Labor Code

Workplace safety Labour program Employment & Social Program Government of Canada

Alberta

Occupational Health and Safety

Occupational health and safety Alberta Labour

The federal jurisdiction is legislated by Part 2 of the Canada Labor Code. If you are employed by one of the following businesses and industries, you are more than likely working in a federally regulated sector Only 6% of industries fall within federal legislation.     

banks marine shipping, ferry and port services air transportation, including airports, aerodromes and airlines railway and road transportation that involves crossing provincial or international borders canals, pipelines, tunnels and

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bridges (crossing provincial borders) telephone, telegraph and cable systems radio and television broadcasting grain elevators, feed and seed mills private businesses necessary to the operation of a federal act

Discuss the OHS obligations and duties for Employers, Workers and Contractors, based on the OHS Act. -

Employers o Take every reasonable precaution to ensure employee safety o Appoint a competent supervisor o Provide information in a medical emergency o Inform supervisors & workers of possible hazards o post the OH&S act in the workplace o prepare and maintain a healthy and safety policy to be review annually o prepare policies regarding the workplace

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Workers o Properly using the safety equipment and clothes provided o Taking all reasonable precaution to ensure their own health and safety and that of those who may be affected by their work activities o Reporting hazards, such as defective equipment to the employer o Reporting any contraventions of the act or regulations o Reporting to the employer work-related incidents and occupational diseases o Cooperating with health and safety policy, committees, persons carrying out duties required by the code

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Contractors o measures and procedures prescribed by this act and the regulations are carried out on the project o every employer and every person working on the project complies with this act and regulations o health and safety of workers on the project is projected

Discuss the following OHS related terms / concepts: 

Internal Responsibility System o employer-employee partnership in ensuring a safe and disease free workplace o responsible for his/her own safety and for the safety of co workers o Section 2, OHS Act

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Due Diligence o Section 2 of the OHS Act o AKA: General Duty Clause o Level of judgment, care, prudence, determination & activity that a person would reasonably be expected to do under particular circumstances o Requires businesses all unsafe conditions or acts requires it to take precautions to prevent accidents that can reasonably ne anticipated

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Imminent Danger If you’re being asked to do work you think could lead to imminent danger for you or another worker, follow these steps:     

Don’t do the work. Tell your employer as soon as possible what you’re refusing to do, and why. Your employer should then investigate and take action to eliminate the imminent danger. This may include the employer finding a qualified worker to do the work. Call the OHS Contact Center if your employer won’t stop work you think is dangerous. Do other work your employer assigns to you in the meantime, providing you can reasonably do it, and its’ safe. Review the report your employer gives you about their investigation into the imminent danger, and the actions they take to fix it.

Call the OHS Contact Center if you think your employer hasn’t corrected the situation When you find an equipment at work, it’s called existence of imminent danger 

Competent Worker o Meet legislative compliance o Adequately qualified o Suitably trained o Sufficient experience to safely perform work without supervision with only a minimal degree of supervision

Chapter 4: Hazard Recognition, Risk Assessment and Control (From both the text and Moodle resources) What is a hazard? What is an Incident? -

Hazard: Any object, action, or condition that can be potential adverse health effect, damage, harm to people, processes, or equipment within the workplace Incident: an event or occurrence that had or could have had a negative impact on people, property or processes

Distinguish among overt traumatic injuries and overexertion injuries. -

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Injury: any trauma, physical or mental, direct or indirect, experienced by a human being overt traumatic injury: injuries resulting from coming into contact with an energy source o struck by overhead falling objects o drop materials on themselves, resulting in crush injuries o caught un, machinery o falls o contact with sources of energy such as: electricity, chemicals and heat overexertion injuries: injuries resulting from excessing physical effort, repetitive motions, and possibly awkward working positions

Discuss the components of a Hazard Identification Program. -

identifying hazards in the workplace visible inspection of the workplace or taking air samples to test for suspected contaminants Walk-through survey: increased when the supervisor and a worker member of the joint health and safety committee

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Safety sampling: a systematic survey procedure undertaken by safety personnel who record their observations of unsafe practices on a sampling document

Distinguish among the 4 different types of hazards. -

People: proper training, administration, leadership, supervision equipment: under certain or situations the tools, machines, equipment people use and work near can be hazardous environment: improper illumination, poor exhaust or ventilations systems, defective equipment and materials, adverse temperature, poor indoor air quality materials: workplace substance, matter, provisions used in the workplace that have the potential to cause harm/loss especially if handled improperly processes: combining people, equipment, environment, materials with the purpose of production of a good/service

Discuss the different components of risk, and how they work together to evaluate risk level involved with identified hazards -

Rating the probability of an incident (very high risk): measured by consulting statistics Risk= probability x consequences x exposure Consequences: results or severity of the injury (slightly, moderately & extremely) Exposure: number of times a contact is made with the event

Discuss the different levels in the Hierarchy of Controls, how they work together to control hazards, and identify different types of controls associated with each level. Hazard Controls (89-90) -

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Precontact control o Addressing issues before an incident or accident occurs o The first method of controlling hazards by preventing hazards from reaching individuals within the workplace Contact control o Identifying ways in which a hazardous situation can be prevented from becoming worse and harming workers o Steps: 1. suppression 2. barriers 3. modifications 4. substitutions 5. isolation o Eye wash Post contact control o Doesn’t happen again o Ensure any injured worker receives immediate and thorough o emergency care

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o Lock out machinery involved until accident investigation is complete and damage is repaired o Keep unauthorized people out of area Determine what can be salvaged and what waste must be o disposed of Apprise JHSC, affected managers, and government agencies o Complete all accident reports to determine what happened o Review all company procedures and revise where appropriate Communicate with workers Engineering control o Elimination is completing removing the hazard, no chance will get hurt again Substitution: no hazard anymore Engineer: when we engineer the hazard outside of the work, whoever is doing that job is most effective o Money: very expensive o Time consuming o isolation Administrative controls (pg. 95 o Management o Training of employees o Rotation of employees o Environmental sampling o Medical o Signs o Developing procedures If employers don’t hold workers accountable, then it’s useless o o o o

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Wear PPE Fit tested, right glasses, signs (do not enter without PPE) Housekeeping Goal: to protect individuals

Personal Protective Equipment’s (pg. 102-103) Control o Not the chosen control o only on the worker: clothing, helmets, goggles, devices to protect individual from specific hazard o “back up” to other methods of control

Summary of: there are three levels of control: 1. engineering top level of control separates the hazards to workers 2. Administrative control

3. PPE: least line of defense Must use all three levels Example: Water fountains -

Sign watch out its slippery - Admin Not in order sign (avoid usage)- Eng Dry it – admin Non-slip shoes – PPE Subst tuton Engineering Administraton PPE

Identify whether a hazard is controlled at the source, along the path or at the worker. Hazards can be controlled or eliminated by identifying and attacking: -

source of hazard path it travels employee or recipient of the hazard

which is important to have thorough understanding that hazard control is necessary & possible

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Human: (worker to control: PPE) Path: ventilation in place (more fresh air), Administrative: don’t come in this area, supervision, rotate Source: isolate it, engineering, Industrial hygienist job: Chemical hazards, look at health hazard, monitoring to find out if workers are exposed to hazards

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Records: for at least 2 years’ minimum Hearing exam: 30 years must be kept

Hazard Recognition, Evaluation & control Alberta OHS Code was enacted in 2003, hazard assessment, elimination and control before work commences at a worksite became a legal requirement  Proactive vs. Reactive Safety -

Formal hazard assessment: legislated, organizational level o Company level effort and requires team made of safety practitioners, leaders/supervisors and individuals who do the work Steps: 1. List types of work and work related activities 2. Identify the hazards involved in each job/task identified 3. Prioritize the hazards. Identify high hazard work 4. activities (Risk Assessment can help). 5. Identify and implement hazard controls. 6. Communicate 7. Evaluate

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Job hazard analysis: job/task specific o A job hazards analysis (JHA) or job safety analysis (JSA) is a procedure which helps integrate accepted safety and health principles and practices into a particular task or job in the operation. o The steps would be very similar to those of the Organizational Hazard Assessment, however would be related specifically to a job or task being done. o All workers involved in completing the job or task must either be a part of completing the JHA, or must have reviewed and signed off on it prior commencing work. Steps: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

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Identify the job / task to be completed. Break the job into steps, and identify the hazards involved in each step identified Prioritize the hazards. Identify high hazard work activities (Risk Assessment can help). Identify and implement hazard controls. Communicate Evaluate

Field level hazard assessment o FLHA is a method that individuals and crews use to eliminate or minimize potential losses (to people, property, materials or environment) before, and during the course of doing work.

o FLHA/FLRA are generally used in the field just prior to starting daily tasks, when the situation changes or the task changes o The FLHA/FLRA is a personal, “mini” JHA, used to identify any immediate hazards that are present, and may have been missed on the JHA.. Example: Construction company wants to do residential construction 1. Formal hazard assessment: review, evaluate, … 2. We start work and residential home a. Do job hazard assessment b. Setting, type of house c. All areas of specific job 3. Every day field level hazard assessment a. Might expect any hazards: like slipping, muddy

Chapter 10: Motivation and Management Systems Discuss the Reinforcement Theory and the Goal-Setting Theory in terms of motivating safety behavior in the workplace. -

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Motivating Safety behavior o Engineering  behavioral administrative (re-start again) o Safety behavior: safety compliance (safety rules) & safety participation (safe, proactive & engaging) Reinforcement theory o focus on how consequences shape motivation o power or external rewards &punishment o ABC model: any behaviors occurs because of events that trigger the behavior and the results that follow the behavior Antecedent  behavior  consequence Goal-setting Theory o focus on how out internal influence behavior o motivated by internal intentions  Factors: Goals must be difficult & challenging, must be achievable, specific, individuals must be committed to the goals, feedback

Discuss the Plan, Do, Check, Act model of an occupational health and safety management system and explain how each of the components work together to continuously improve the system.

Discuss safety leadership and safety climate and how the build a safety culture within an organization. Safety Climate: Shared perceptions among employees and organizational stakeholders of the importance of workplace safety Safety Compliance: Extent to which employees follow safety rules and procedures Safety Initiative: Extent to which employees go beyond compliance and work to actively improve safety Safety Leadership: Leadership that is focused on and promotes OH&S: When leaders actively promote safety, employees and organization experience better safety records and more positive safety outcomes.

Review the 8 elements of the OHSMS and discuss how each can help improve safety at the workplace. Health & safety Management System -

8 elements and how they fit together

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steps to create and maintain the system health and safety legislation may be application to you site the human and financial costs of workplace injuries and illnesses will be reduced Affects: property, down time, production delays overtime costs, investigation time o identify hazard, putting controls, ensuring workers, implementing incident investigation, planning for emergency situations, monitoring/ communication

Element One

Element Two

Element Three

Element Four

Element Five

Element Six

Management Leadership & Org. Commitment -for seniors mgmt. they ar e100% support for the action of this program - health and safety policy & signed by the CEO 1. written declaration of the org. commitment to health & safety 2. overall goals & objectives of the org H&S program 3. responsibilities of the mgmt., workers & contractors regarding H&S at the work site Laws: General protection of workers S.13 // Duties of workers S. 14 Hazard identification and Assessment - complex &...