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Professor Paul Hiltpold...

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Short Answers: ● Hecate ○ Three part Goddess of sinister, night time, crossroads ○ HI= helps develop suspicions of females in the development of Christian evil ● Satan ○ He is a subset of Devil; Not human; He’s everyone’s adversary ○ HI= According to Christian evil, God allows pain to happen to people to test faith ● St. Augustine ○ theologian; creators of christianity; Blends christian theology with greek philosophy ○ HI= Early hierarchy of the cosmos in primitive Christian evil insinuated Christianity was dualistic ● Scholasticism ○ “School method” “memorization method” ■ Ask the question ■ Compile all the information ● Bible, Nature, History ■ Arrive at THE answer (the ONLY answer) ○ HI: contributed to development of Christian evil ● Lucifer ○ Latin term means “morning star” or “Angel of Light” ○ Second part of the devil; suffering angel ○ HI= Treason against God became part of the definition of Christian evil. ● Druids ○ Worship of the moon, seasons; ritual sexuality, human sacrifice (the other) ○ HI: became part of primitive Christian evil and contribute to development of Christian evil ● The Devil ○ demon representing the accumulation of all evil including temptation, treason, pain, and "the other." ○ HI= Hebrew evil merged with primitive Christian evil to create one unified definition of Christian evil ● St. Thomas Aquinas ○ Wrote Summa Theologica; nature complements grace; scholasticism ○ HI= The Great Cosmology insinuated to some that Christianity was a mature dualistic religion, christian evil becomes unified as Devil

● The Horned God ○ Pagan religions worshipped horned gods; for christians horns = devil ○ HI= Murray believed that witch-hunts were an excuse to stamp out the Fertility Cult that worshiped The Horned God ● The patronage system ○ Political system only includes men based on personal bond ○ HI= The plague caused many deaths and thus broke many personal bonds, which led to much anxiety when the system was damaged ● The Plague ○ Bacterial plague of many diseases; 1350-1650; Mortality Rate: 50% of population ○ HI= Devastated the economic system, broke lots of personal bonds, and damaged the social system thereby contributing to anxiety ● Martin Luther ○ German; Augustinian Monk; Most upset about “selling Salvation” → selling indulgences ○ HI= contributes to the age of anxiety by making people question the church ● The “price rise” ○ Isn’t bad; but not good for peasant; inflation ○ Switching representation of change system because the coins are divisible, permanent, universal, and portable ○ HI= contributes/adds to the age of anxiety by threatening the manorial system ● Isobel Gowdie ○ scottish witch; Confessed without torture, following pagan rituals ○ HI= The true words of the witch were never heard and Christianity is syncretic, supports Murray's theory ● Great Chain of Being ○ Everything in the universe is a link in the chain; top is God, bottom-devil ○ HI= The plague damaged this social system, which contributed to anxiety. ● Johann Hus ○ Declared as a heretic and causes doubt about the Holy Roman Catholic church ○ HI= The authority and materialism of the Catholic Church were challenged which made people anxious ● The Renaissance ○ Rebirth of ancient culture; Leave behind scholasticism; liberal arts education used ○ HI= made people anxious because they now had to take more responsibility for the things happening on earth

● Malefica ○ bad doings/workings; later this will describe witchcraft ○ HI: All magic became maleficia so the definition of witchcraft included all forms of magic ● Dame Alice Kytler ○ An Aristocrat goes to nightly meetings → this conspiracy and guilty of apostasy; first witch ○ HI= The accusation regarding the nightly meetings with other witches resulted in apostasy (conspiracy) becoming part of the definition of witchcraft ● Juan gines de Sepulveda ○ Spaniard; college professor; debate over what is humanity? ○ Contributes to the cumulative definition of what a witch is ● Henri Boguet ○ witch-hunting magistrate and demonologist in Franche-Comte. ○ HI: contributes to the development of the cumulative definition of witchcraft, ● Pope John XXII ○ reforming Pope; kings and emperors are their enemies so used excommunication ○ HI= crucial in initiating the development of the cumulative definition of witchcraft and the inclusion of heresy ● Johannes Nider ○ Dominican monk; Focuses on: The Sabbath, Cannibalism, Infertility, Conspiracy, women, babies ○ HI: contributes to the development of the cumulative definition of witchcraft, ● “Strappado” ○ Used to torture witches to make them confess: the victim's hands are tied behind his or her back and suspended by a rope attached to the wrists, ○ HI=Torture was used to obtain information and was part of the law ● Jean Bodin ○ First person to talk about religious toleration; believed in witches ○ HI= Influenced the development of the legal system to deal with witchcraft

● Walpurga Hausmanin ○ accused of being a witch, midwife (40 babies have died under her care) ○ HI: Classic witch stereotype is developed: old, ugly, widowed ● “N.N.” of Eichstatt ○ Female, 40, does not know the names of her parents; Married 23 years, 8

offspring (3 died); Abusive husband; uneducated; ○ HI: Classic witch stereotype is developed: old, ugly, unliked by neighbors ● Jochum Bos ○ Sold himself as a witch-finder and was paid to accuse people's enemies; scam ○ HI= Personal vengeance was one of the triggers of a witch-hunt. ● Edmund Robinson ○ He sells his services and identifies witches; conscious fraud ○ HI= Conscious fraud was one way a hunt could end ● Marguerite Carlier ○ French; she presents her case in front of the court and is tired of the accusations; called “uppity” since she was outspoken and doesn’t know her place ○ Gets exiled, returns and gets off (the accusations were wrong) ○ HI: Showed a psychological stereotype of witches: didn't know "her place," proud, outspoken, defiant. ● Pierre de Lancre ○ Stereotypical judge in France; declares the entire population to be witches for not following the laws of king ○ HI= Witch-hunts originated once laws were established against witchcraft, used the trigger of disloyalty of the King to identify witches ● “Name names” ○ identify accomplicances; used in medium sized hunts ○ HI: changed a small hunt into a medium or large one; characteristic of the hunt ● Ratsherr Hans George Bauer ○ German politician; Tried, confesses to witchcraft, and dies ○ HI= stereotypes of the hunts ending because they were no longer making sense

Essay Themes Outlines: Christian Evil (question 1) I.

Pagan Religion (nature gods A. Good vs Evil 1. Nature is neutral; it doesn't exist yet B. Women (dismissal of women) 1. Hecate

a) Three part Goddess of sinister, night time, crossroads b) HI= helps develop suspicions of females in the development of Christian evil II.

III.

IV. V.

Hebrew Evil A. Temptation 1. Serpent in the garden, temptation B. Traitor 1. the “fallen angel” → lucifer, treason C. Adversary 1. The “adversary”, pain 2. Satan is everybody’s adversary Primitive Christian Evil A. Syncretism 1. A religion that absorbs cultures and ideas from other religions B. The other 1. The “other” = all that does not fit → evil 2. Druids a) HI- the “other” comes with the “christian evil”; if you dont follow us, you follow the devil C. Hierarchies 1. St augustine Development of the idea of Evil unified (devil) Contribution made by the Late Middle Ages A. Method (scholasticism) B. Mature dualism (thomas aquinas) C. A Great Cosmology (st thomas aquinas)

The Fertility Cult; The Age of Anxiety (Question 2) I.

What was Murray’s argument and what wrong with it? A. Argument 1. Pagan religions persisted until 1500s; worshipping horned god a) It does not persist 2. Christians accused them of being devil worshippers, witches B. Problem with it 1. Based on ritual she invented 2. Don't have original; can’t trust a transcription a) Didn't write her out testimony; may not be accurate 3. Evidence- Isobel Gowdie (not the words of the witch)

I.

Murray’s Argument A. Paganism of pagan (horned gods) B. Continuation of pagan (horned gods) WHy incorrect? A. Evidence (Isobel Gowdie) B. Christianity

II.

The Age of Anxiety II.

Economic, political, and social systems of Europe and intellectual factor (idea that held

III.

together A. Economic systems 1. manorial system- Based on biblical concepts; all land belongs to God; created for subsistence farming and life B. Political systems 1. patronage system- Power system based on personal bonds; connected to the people below and above you; owe responsibility and mutual benefit from top down C. Social systems 1. Great Chain of Being- Everything in the universe is a link in the chain D. Intellectual factors 1. Perfect body a) King, heart-church, welfare of the body (not individual parts; communal) What changes (biological, religious, intellectual, and material) threatened those systems and led to the collapse of medieval order) A. Biological changes 1. the plague (1350) a) Economic-Extensive, break down of commerce b) Political- Creates gaps in patronage system that leads to political chaos c) Social - Damages the Great Chain of Being B. Religious changes 1. Herecises a) Authority (of church, in christianity) (1) The Bible (one authority) (a) Threatens the power of the church (b) Jan Hus is a heretic because you need the church and the bible (not just reading the bible) b) Materialism (the wealth of the church) (1) The church should give up wealth, live in poverty c) Martin Luther (1) Most upset about “selling Salvation” → selling indulgences (2) “Jesus saves” through Faith Alone (sola fide) → “Born Again” C. Intellectual changes 1. the Renaissance (rebirth of ancient culture) a) Humanism-Focus things that are human; we are responsible for what happens on earth, not God

b) Leave behind scholasticism D. Material changes 1. Inflation a) The Price Rise 2. Towards a world economy a) Suddenly there is a new world 3. Caste and class a) Social change from caste → class system

Cumulative Definition; The Law (Question 3) I.

II.

Explain completely the new crime of witchcraft A. Magic 1. Malefica (all magic) B. Heresy 1. Definition a) Going against God; incorrect; opposite of orthodox (always changing) 2. Types a) Secular (1) Associated with 10 commandments; there is a victim b) Moral (1) Associated with 7 deadly sins c) Theological (1) Going against bible, Christian teachings d) Witches are guilty all three heresies 3. Degrees of danger a) 1 person doing the heresy → going to hell b) Missionize, sharing the heresy; several people going to hell c) Engaged in an conspiracy to bring down Christianity; apostasy d) Dame alice Kytler: (1) The accusation regarding the nightly meetings with other witches resulted in apostasy (conspiracy) becoming part of the definition of witchcraft C. “Worst crime imaginable” 1. Malefica (all magic) 2. All types of heresies (witch is guilty of all three) 3. Apostasy (bringing down all of Christianity→ conspiracy) 4. Johannes Nider a) Dominican monk; Focuses on: The Sabbath, Cannibalism, Infertility, Conspiracy, women, babies b) HI: contributes to the development of the cumulative definition of witchcraft,

Consider the law A. Renaissance ideas

1. Humanism a) Focus on things that are human b) Juan Gines de Sepulveda- debate over what is humanity? 2. Plato a) Is witchcraft a platonic ideal? (1) yes , it is the perfect form of human evil b) They want to execute everyone- ideal public justice 3. “The Renaissance State” a) Based on institutions; putting royal officials into the patronage system b) New monarchy; new state c) Not very efficient; pervert the legal system B. Roman Law 1. Public accuser (inquisitor) → district attorney a) Go from village to see if they suspect anyone of being witches; search out crime (platonic justice and humanism) 2. Guilt a) Under roman law, You are assumed to be guilty; witches have to prove their innocence 3. Torture (strappado) a) Romans used torture; the purpose is get information; not a form of execution C. Legal system’s contribution to the hunts according to Levack (page 80) 1. The validation of hunting witches; legal systems validated the hunting of witches

Stereotypes: Characteristics of a Witch and a Model for the Hunts (question 4 I.

Attributes of a “witch”

A. Physically

II.

1. Old, female, ugly, alone, Devil’s mark 2. Walpurga Hausmann-accused of being a witch, midwife (40 babies have died under her care); personified the physical characteristics of being a witch B. Psychological 1. Crazy, outspoken, “uppity” (aggressive), mystical, spiteful, sexual, sheltered (isolated) 2. Reclusive, outcast (nonconformist), powerful, critical, scapegoat, profession (nature; healer) 3. Marguerite Carlier- Showed a psychological stereotype of witches: didn't know "her place," proud, outspoken, defiant. C. Legally 1. Uneducated, unrepentant, widowed (unprotected), bad reputation; poor; single, childless (defenseless), 2. “N.N.” of Eichstatt- uneducated about the legal proceeding Attributes of a “hunt” A. Origins 1. Pierre de Lancre a) Witch-hunts originated once laws were established against witchcraft, used the trigger of disloyalty of the King to identify witches 2. Beliefs a) At first, it was fantasy and not real → exiled b) You have to believe that witchcraft is a horrible crime 3. Laws a) Becomes a capital crime in 1530s (German); 1550s England 4. Judicial procedures a) Medieval law to Renaissance Law 5. The “Age of Anxiety” a) 16/17 century b) Changing from Medieval world to modern world c) They are resistant to change d) Arguments against (1) Every age is an “Age of Anxiety” B. Triggers 1. Jocum Bos a) Sold himself as a witch-finder and was paid to accuse people's enemies; Personal vengeance was one of the triggers of a witchhunt.

2. Maleficia (bad doings/workings) a) Bad things happening (1) Dead babies 3. Scapegoating a) Blaming someone 4. Communal suffering a) Entire village is suffering 5. Personal vengeance a) Professional witch hunters; take advantage 6. The unexplained meeting of women a) Sexist stereotype (1) Men engaged in discussion → business (2) Women engaged in discussion → gossip 7. Free confessions a) Admit they are witches without torture, etc C. Types 1. Small- 1-2 people; most are small 2. medium- identify accomplicances; “name names” 3. Large- over 25 ; unique a) Salem Witch Trials D. End 1. Breakdown in stereotypes a) Old, unattractive, etc b) Ratsherr Hans George Bauer (1) German politician; Tried, confesses to witchcraft, and dies (2) HI= stereotypes of the hunts ending because they were no longer making sense 2. Skepticism of judges a) I don't believe the evidence forward; acquit the woman (1) He might be an accomplice of the witch 3. Conscious fraud a) Edmund Robinson (1) He sells his services and identifies witches; conscious fraud 4. Financial burden a) There are no jails; very expensive b) Can't conduct witch hunt because of the expenditure (1) The judges, torturer/executioner, guards → are paid 5. Popular pressure a) The community steps forward and this person isn’t a witch b) High leaders, clergy

6. Appeals a) If you can appeal to a higher court, 80% acquittal rate b) Needs resources and high status

Development of Christian Evil - Pagan Religion ● Good vs. Evil - Hecate, a Greek goddess who is sinister. Hecate is not evil. When asked the question of "what is evil" we know nature cannot be evil. The development of the idea of magic leads us to the conclusion that there is no good magic, only evil. Maleficia is evil magic, and is a subset of witchcraft. Witchcraft is the most evil. ● Women - at this time, women are targeted because they are often alone and helpless. Without a man, they cannot defend themselves Hebrew Evil ● In the Hebrew bible we see three types of evil. First the entity in the garden who tempts man. The temptation of sin here is pride. Second is the traitor, lucifer. Lucifer is only mentioned once, and his sin is also pride. Lucifer tried to rise above God, but was cast down. Third is the adversary, Satan. We see Satan when he appears to job in order to test his face. He is not powerful over God, as God uses him to prove your faith Primitive Christian Evil ● Syncretism is a term used to describe how Christianity absorbs things, while whatever is not absorbed becomes paganism. Other forms of primitive christian evil occur, such as the druids, who worship season, practice ritual human sacrifice and sexuality. Hierarchies developed, such as the theories of St. Augustine. He creates the triangle which has God at the top and the devil at the bottom, insinuating that Christianity is dualist, although it is not. He answers the questions of why we are here, where we came from, and where are we going. Development of idea of evil unified ● The idea of evil emerged from the Devil, who encompasses Satan, Lucifer, and the tempter in the garden. The devil is the entity in the garden, the fallen angel, the adversary of pain, tempter of Christ, and other. He is mentioned in the New Test. Contribution in Middle Ages ● The Middle Ages contributed scholasticism, a method of study in which a question is asked, information is gathered from history, nature, and the Bible, and an answer is given. The idea of Dualism also emerged with the theories of St. Thomas Aquinas. Although christianity is not a dualist religion, St. Thomas Aquinas' triangle makes it look that way. He puts God at the top and Satan on the bottom, appearing to have given both equal power. https://quizlet.com/22838180/witch-hunt-midterm-flash-cards/...