ModernMandarinChineseGrammar Workbook PDF

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Modern MANDARIN CHINESE Grammar WORKBOOK

i

Routledge Modern Grammars Series concept and development – Sarah Butler

Other books in the series: Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar by Claudia Ross and Jing-heng Sheng Ma ISBN: HB 0-415-70009-4; PB 0-415-70010-8 Modern German Grammar, Second Edition Modern German Grammar Workbook, Second Edition Modern Spanish Grammar, Second Edition Modern Spanish Grammar Workbook, Second Edition Modern Italian Grammar, Second Edition Modern Italian Grammar Workbook, Second Edition Modern French Grammar, Second Edition Modern French Grammar Workbook, Second Edition

ii

Modern

MANDARIN CHINESE Grammar WORKBOOK Claudia Ross, Jing-heng Sheng Ma and Baozhang He

iii

First published 2006 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2006 Claudia Ross, Jing-heng Sheng Ma and Baozhang He

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 10: 0-415-70011-6 (pbk) ISBN 10: 0-203-79994-1 (ebk) ISBN 13: 9-78-0-415-70011-5 (pbk) ISBN 13: 9-78-0-203-79994-9 (ebk)

iv

Contents Introduction How to use this book Part A 1

v

Structures

ix xi 1

Overview of pronunciation and Pinyin romanization

3

2

Syllable, meaning, and word

4

3

The Chinese writing system: an overview

5

4

Phrase order in the Mandarin sentence

7

5

Nouns

10

6

Numbers

11

7

Speciﬁers and demonstratives

15

8

Classiﬁers

17

9

Noun phrases

20

10 Adjectival verbs

24

11 Stative verbs

26

12 Modal verbs

28

13 Action verbs

31

14 Prepositions and prepositional phrases

33

15 Adverbs

36

16 Conjunctions

38

17 The passive

39

CONTENTS

Part B

vi

Situations and functions

41

18 Names, kinship terms, titles, and terms of address

43

19 Introductions

45

20 Greetings and goodbyes

47

21 Basic strategies for communication

49

22 Telecommunications and e-communications: telephones, the internet, beepers, and faxes

51

23 Negating information

53

24 Asking questions and replying to questions

55

25 Expressing identiﬁcation, possession, and existence

61

26 Describing people, places, and things

64

27 Describing how actions are performed

66

28 Indicating result, conclusion, potential, and extent

69

29 Making comparisons

74

30 Talking about the present

79

31 Talking about habitual actions

82

32 Talking about the future

84

33 Indicating completion and talking about the past

87

34 Talking about change, new situations, and changing situations

92

35 Talking about duration and frequency

96

36 Expressing additional information

100

37 Expressing contrast

102

38 Expressing sequence

106

39 Expressing simultaneous situations

109

40 Expressing cause and effect or reason and result

112

Contents

vii

41 Expressing conditions

116

42 Expressing ‘both,’ ‘all,’ ‘every,’ ‘any,’ ‘none,’ ‘not any,’ and ‘no matter how’

118

43 Expressing location and distance

122

44 Talking about movement, directions, and means of transportation

125

45 Talking about clock time and calendar time

128

46 Expressing obligations and prohibitions

133

47 Expressing commands and permission

135

48 Expressing ability and possibility

138

49 Expressing desires, needs, preferences, and willingness

141

50 Expressing knowledge, advice, and opinions

143

51 Expressing fear, worry, anxiety, and bad news

146

52 Expressing speaker attitudes and perspectives

148

53 Topic, focus, and emphasis

150

54 Guest and host

155

55 Giving and responding to compliments

156

56 Expressing satisfaction and dissatisfaction

158

57 Expressing gratitude and responding to expressions of gratitude

160

58 Invitations, requests, and refusals

162

59 Expressing apologies, regrets, and sympathy

165

60 Expressing congratulations and good wishes

167

Answer key Index

169 261

viii

Introduction Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar Workbook is a companion to Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar and is designed to help you to strengthen your command of Mandarin Chinese. It can be used alongside a Chinese language textbook in a regular language program, or as review material for self study. The Answer Key at the end of the book allows you to check your answers as you work through the exercises. Exercises in the Workbook are graded in terms of level of difﬁculty, making the book appropriate for near-beginners as well as Mandarin learners at the advanced level in a high school or university program. Instructions are written in English, and all exercises are presented in simpliﬁed and traditional characters and Pinyin romanization. The Workbook focuses on the major structural patterns and communication strategies used in Mandarin Chinese. Exercises focusing on structure are presented in Part A ‘Structures’ and those focusing on communication are presented in Part B ‘Situations and functions.’ Since successful communication is built in part on structural accuracy, there is overlap between the two sections. We recommend that as you work on situations and functions in Part B, you also practice the related structure exercises in Part A. For example, when working on Chapters 43 ‘Expressing location and distance’ and 44 ‘Talking about movement, directions, and means of transportation,’ you should also work through the structure exercises involving prepositions in Part A. Use the table of contents to ﬁnd exercises for speciﬁc structures or general communication tasks. Consult the Index for exercises focusing on speciﬁc topics such as illness, or the weather, or reciting telephone numbers. Follow the cross-references to Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar for explanations about structure and usage. Chinese language study is an interesting journey. We hope that Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar Workbook and Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar are helpful in your navigation, and wish you enjoyment and success as you develop your language skills. Claudia Ross Jing-heng Sheng Ma Baozhang He December 2005

ix

x

How to use this book We have written this book as a companion to Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar to provide practice with the major structures and functions of Mandarin Chinese. Use it to strengthen your grammatical skills and your ability to communicate in Mandarin. The presentation of material follows the order of presentation in Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar. You can work on the chapters in any order, selecting chapters that focus on the structures and functions that address your speciﬁc needs. This Workbook is divided into two parts. Part A focuses on structures. If you want to focus on basic structures such as the formation of numbers, or noun modiﬁcation, or the phrase order of the Mandarin sentence, you should select exercises in Part A. Part A also includes some practice with Pinyin romanization, and some activities involving Chinese characters that will help you to use a Chinese dictionary. Part B, ‘Situations and functions,’ focuses on communication. When you want to practice giving an opinion, or politely refusing a request, or talking about the past, you should select exercises from Part B. You can work on related structures as you practice communicative tasks. For example, when practicing talking about the past you may wish to consult the chapters on verbs in Part A. The exercises in each chapter are graded according to level of difﬁculty. One star (*) exercises are the easiest and target discrete language structures or functions. Two star (**) exercises are more challenging, and three star (***) exercises provide the greatest level of challenge in the book, typically focusing on language functions and incorporating many different grammatical structures. Each exercise in the Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar Workbook is followed by one or more numbers indicating the section(s) of the Grammar in which the relevant structures or functions are discussed. For example, the number 30.2 following an exercise indicates that the exercise targets the material presented in Chapter 30, section 2. You should study the presentation in the Grammar before completing the relevant activities in the Workbook. This Workbook includes an alphabetical Index to help you to locate exercises that focus on particular structures or functions. The numbers following each item in the Index indicate the sections of the Workbook in which activities are presented. Finally, an Answer Key is provided at the end of the book. Check the answer key only after you have completed each activity! xi

xii

Part A

Structures

1

STRUCTURES

2

1 Overview of pronunciation and Pinyin romanization 1

夹

Put the tone mark over the appropriate vowel. a. b. c. d.

Í 2

xian (1) bie (2) xuan (3) yue (4)

e. f. g. h.

1.2.1 夹

Rewrite these sentences and phrases to indicate the changed tones in natural speech. →

Example: nm hko a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.

Í

ní hko

Xiao Lc we ba yczi Nc ydu gdu ma? Wd hbn hao. Tf yb xiang mai bc. wd xiang mai shj. Tf ydu jie gè péngyou. weshíwe bbn shj

1.1.3 夹夹

3

tou (2) huai (4) chui (1) zao (3)

Correct the Pinyin spelling for each of the following words and syllables. a. kwai b. uan c. pengyow d. quian e. dwo

Í

1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.2.2

3

f. g. h. i. j.

üe shuesheng jungguo hsiao iao

STRUCTURES

2 Syllable, meaning, and word 1

夹

Rewrite these sentences and phrases to indicate the changed tones in natural speech. Example: yr tiáo a. b. c. d. e.

Í

2.3

4

yh tiáo lù bù tài guì yh kuài qián yh mén kè yh sud fángzi

→ f. g. h. i. j.

yì tiáo yh gè rén yh shù hufr yh háng yh bù diànycng bù cuò

3 The Chinese writing system: an overview 1

夹

Using a traditional character dictionary as your reference, circle the radical in each of the following characters. →

Example: a. b. c. d. e.

Í 2

f. g. h. i.

3.2.1 夹

Using a simpliﬁed character dictionary as your reference, circle the radical in each of the following characters. a. b. c. d. e.

Í

f. g. h. i.

3.2.1 夹夹

3

Indicate the total number of strokes in each of the following characters.

a. b. c. d.

Í

3.4

5

Example:

=

e. f. g.

7

STRUCTURES 夹夹夹

4

Consult a dictionary to ﬁnd the simpliﬁed character that corresponds to each of the following traditional characters. Write each simpliﬁed character beside the corresponding traditional character.

a. b. c. d. e.

Í

=

f. g. h. i. j.

3.1 夹夹夹

5

Example:

Look up the following characters in a dictionary and identify the shared pronunciation in each group. Arrange the characters according to their common phonetic.

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Group 1

Í

3.2.2

6

Group 2

Group 3

Group 4

Group 5

4 Phrase order in the Mandarin sentence 夹夹

1

Underline the main verb and bracket the main nouns (the ones that serve as subject and direct object) in the following Mandarin sentences. Example: []==[]=[ ] [] [] [ ] [Tp] gli [wn] [yr bln sht]. [He] gave (gives) [me] [one book]. a.

!"#$%&'( !"#$%&'(

Wd zuótifn ggn péngyou chh le wefàn. Yesterday I ate lunch with friends. b.

!"#$%& !"#$%&

Wd de dìdi mbitifn kàn diànshì. My younger brother watches television every day. c.

!"#$%&'( !"#$%&'(

Zhingguó de dàxuéshgng yb shàng wang ma? Do Chinese university students also surf the web? d.

!"#$%&'!( !"#$%&'!(

Chéng lc de shjdiàn ydu hbn dui wàiguó shj. The bookstore in the city has a lot of foreign books. e.

!"#$%&'()*+ !"#$%&'()*+

Wd jhntifn xiàwe zài gingyuán de ménkdu dbng nc. I’ll wait for you at the park gate this afternoon.

Í

4.1

7

STRUCTURES 夹夹

2

Underline the prepositional phrases in the following Mandarin sentences. Example:

!"#$%&' !"#$%&'

Tp gqn tp de nu péngyou chr wknfàn. He eats dinner with his girlfriend. a.

!"#$ !"#$

Wd gbi nainai xib le xìn. I wrote a letter to my grandma. b.

!"#$%&' !"#$%&'

Wd duì xhnlcxué hbn ydu xìngqù. I am very interested in psychology. c.

!"#$%&' !"#$%&'

Wd hbn xchuan ggn péngyou qù wán. I really like to go out with my friends. d.

!"#$%& !"#$%&

'()*+ '()*+

Yàoshi nc máng, wd kéyc tì nc zuò zhè jiàn shì. If you are busy I can do that for you. e.

!"#$%&' !"#$%&'

Nc shénme shíhòu dào wd jif lái? When are you coming to my house?

Í 3

4.3 夹夹

The following sentences and phrases include ‘time when’ expressions, location expressions, and prepositional phrases. Rewrite the Mandarin sentences, putting the phrases in the correct order to convey the meanings in the English translations. a.

!"#$%!&' !"#$%!&'

Wd xué le Zhingwén qùnián zài Zhingguó. I studied Chinese last year in China. b.

!"#$%&'()* !"#$%&'()*

Mbitifn diu wd pèngdào tf zài xuésheng zhingxhn. I run into him every day in the student center. c.

!"#$%&'()* !"#$%&'()*

Nc xiang jiéhjn ggn shénme yàng de rén jifnglái? What kind of person do you plan to marry in the future? 8

Phrase order in the Mandarin sentence

d.

!"#$%&'() !"#$%&'()

Tf da le diànhuà zuótifn wanshang gbi wd. Last night he phoned me. e.

!"#$%&'() !"#$%&'()

Ggn tf tf qcng wd qù kàn diànycng lcbài liù. He invited me to go see a movie with him on Saturday.

Í

4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6

9

STRUCTURES

5 Nouns 1

夹

Complete these sentences with the appropriate pronouns to match the English translations. a.

__________ !"#$%&'( __________ !"#$%&'( __________ dbi xiang bànfa jibjué zhège wèntí. We should think of a way to solve this problem.

b.

__________ __________ __________ __________ ! __________ xiang qcng __________ chh wanfàn. We want to invite you to dinner.

c.

__________ !"#$%&' __________ !"#$%&' __________ de sùshè lí túshjguan hbn jìn. Her dorm is close to the library.

d.

__________ ! ____________________ __________ __________ __________ != ____________________ __________ __________ __________ yhnggfi bfngzhù _________ . _________ shì_________ _________ de dìdi. You should help him. He is your own younger brother.

e.

__________ __________ Zhè shì __________ de shj. These are my books.

Í

5.2

10

6 Numbers 1

夹

Write these numbers in Chinese. a. b. c. d.

Í 2

→

6 15 11 36

23 84 55 97

e. f. g. h.

6.1 夹

Rewrite these phone numbers in Chinese characters and Pinyin. a. b. c.

Í 3

Example: 72

6505-7823 781-283-2191 911

d. e. f.

032-457-7639 852-2609-5498 8529-6688

6.1.1 夹

Fill in the blank with èr or / likng as appropriate. a.

__________

d.

__________ ba yc zi two chairs __________ __________ shí __________ zhfng zhuizi twelve tables __________ ! __________ ! __________ shí gè xué shgng twenty students __________

e.

__________ tifn two days __________

b.

c.

__________ nián two years

Í

6.1 11

f.

g.

__________ __________ __________ gè xhng qh two weeks __________

__________ gè yuè two months h. __________

i.

j.

__________ cì two times __________ __________ líng dian __________ 0.2 __________ ! __________ ! __________ sfn bai kuài qián two or three hundred dollars

STRUCTURES 夹夹夹

4

Complete the table by writing the Arabic numerals in Chinese and the Chinese numbers as Arabic numerals. Arabic numerals a. b.

1,276

c. d.

256,758

e. f. g.

1,893,683 3,027

Chinese numbers

!"#$% !"#

%$sfnwàn w...