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Copyright © 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. Published by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Exclusive rights by McGraw-Hill Education for manufacture and export. This book cannot be re-exported from the country to which it is sold by McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN: 978-1-52-684678-5

UNIT 7

Plants

Vocabulary Word Box acne dandruff diverse

medicine nutritional native

edible extinct indigestion

remedy sunburn vitamin

A. Unscramble the letters to form words from the box. 1. mviinta

4. mendiice

2. ydmeer

5. ndfdfaur

3. xttienc

6. cane

B. Read each sentence. Circle the correct answer. 1. A lot of people cannot drink milk or they will get (remedy / indigestion). 2. The only part of that plant that is (edible / diverse) is the roots; the rest of the plant is poisonous. 3. My dad lost track of time while working in the garden and got such bad (dandruff / sunburn) that he had to see a doctor. 4. Oak trees are (nutritional / native) to this area, which is nice. They don’t grow where I live. 5. The (nutritional / native) value of vegetables is higher than that of sweets.

C. Write your own sentences using these words. 1. acne 2. diverse 3. nutritional 4. extinct 5. dandruff 6. medicine 7. remedy 8. sunburn

37 UNIT 7 PLANTS

Grammar Present Perfect and Past Perfect A. Read the sentences. Write present perfect or past perfect to identify the verb tenses of the underlined verbs. 1. The goat has eaten the laundry! 2. They haven’t lived in our city for long. 3. I hadn’t tried baseball until I moved to Cuba. 4. I have not been to the gym in over a month. 5. She hasn’t tried broccoli, but she says she doesn’t like it. 6. I have tried enough natural cures for my dandruff. Now I want to see a doctor. 7. Before having dinner, I had eaten way too much junk food.

B. Complete the sentences using the present perfect or past perfect forms of the verbs in parentheses. 1. He

(try) several remedies before finding one that worked.

2.

you

(ever / be) to the circus?

3. I

(not see) the new superhero movie.

4. I

(walk) a lot today; I will sleep well tonight!

5.

they

6. I

(not study) for the test, so I failed.

7.

you

(ever / vacation) here before this summer?

(be) to this restaurant before tonight?

C. Complete the sentences with your own ideas. 1. Before I came to this college, I had . 2. I have never

.

3. When I arrived this morning, the teacher had

.

4. I have been

.

5. I’m pretty sure you hadn’t

.

6. Have you ever

?

7. A year ago, we hadn’t

.

D. Look at the pictures. Circle the sentences that use the correct present perfect tense. 1. a. She had finish frosting the cake. b. She has not finished frosting the cake. c. She is made a cake. d. She have not made a cake.

2. a. The boy have fallen in the snow. b. The boy has not falled in the snow. c. The boy has fallen in the snow. d. The boy hasn’t fallen in the snow.

3. a. The tortoise has won the race. b. The tortoise has not win the race. c. The tortoise have won the race. d. The tortoise is not won the race.

4. a. Only one cat has fell asleep. b. Only one cat haven’t fell asleep. c. Only one cat are fallen asleep. d. Only one cat has fallen asleep.

E. Complete the sentences using the past perfect forms of the verbs in parentheses. 1. Why did you brush your teeth before you 2. They

(eat) dessert?

(finish) performing before we arrived.

3. Jack said Freddy

(already / clean) the bathroom.

4. Your son arrived at the bus stop ten minutes after the bus 5. I thanked Grandma for the gift she 6. After our son

(leave).

(send) me.

(do) his homework, we let him play video games.

Conversation Speaking Strategy: End a conversation A. Complete the conversation using three of these expressions. I guess I ought to get back to

I’d better let you go

I’m afraid I’ve got to go now

See you sometime soon

Jim: I’m not sure you realize what I’m saying! Some plants are going extinct, but that is only half of the problem. Other plants are taking over where they do not belong! Marcia: So . . . some plants are doing well. That doesn’t seem like much of a problem to me. Anyway, (1)

my work.

Jim: Exactly! Some plants are doing too well. They are called “invasive plants” because they invade areas where they do not belong, like an army invading a country. Can you believe it? Marcia: I see. Well, that’s interesting, but (2)

.

Jim: Wait, wait! Here’s the thing. I’m working with the Johnson Lake Conservation Corps to help educate people about invasive species. Marcia: I think that’s great! I’m glad you are helping the lake. It’s a great place. But now I’m late to meet someone. (3)

.

B. Write a short telephone conversation about two people talking on the phone. One speaker is trying to get off the phone, but the other insists on continuing the conversation. Use expressions from Activity A. A: B: A: B: A: B: A:

B:

Reading Reading Strategy: Discourse markers Before Reading A. Look at the pictures. Based on the pictures, what can you predict about the text?

B. Read the text. Underline the author’s discourse markers.

Why Leaves Have Different Shapes Plants are incredibly diverse, and these variations are based on environmental conditions. Plants also differ when it comes to their overall shape as well as the shape of their smaller structures. This is especially true of a plant’s leaves. All leaves perform the same job—capturing sunlight and turning it into food sugars for the plant (and for any animal that eats the plant). Without environmental differences, leaves might all look alike. However, because environmental conditions, like a plant’s exposure to water and sunlight, are so different, so are leaf shapes. One major factor affecting leaf shapes is the amount of moisture in the air. Tropical plants and desert plants, for example, have very different shapes because tropical air is so wet that it has less of a tendency to dry out the plant. Desert air is dry and can pull too much moisture from a plant’s leaves. Most tropical plants have broad leaves. These leaves catch a lot of sunlight and make a lot of food, and —because of humidity—they do so without losing too much of the plant’s moisture. When the tropical environment is also windy, however, moisture loss can become a problem. Tropical plants that catch a lot of wind, such as tall-growing palm trees, tend to have narrower leaves. These leaves let the wind pass harmlessly through the leaves instead of drying the plant. Plants in dry environments rarely have big, broad leaves. Instead, they tend to have narrow, bladeshaped leaves, or even needles. More specifically, evergreen plants such as pine trees tend to thrive in dry environments. Their leaves have a smaller surface area than broad tropical leaves, and this lower surface area prevents moisture loss.

After Reading C. Explain, in your own words, why leaves have so many different shapes. Use the discourse markers you underlined.

Writing Writing Strategy: Edit with a checklist Follow the steps to write about plant-based foods you like. Steps 1. Make a list of plant-based foods you like to eat. 2. Write two paragraphs about that food. 3. Write an editing checklist by considering your own writing and the errors you commonly make. 4. Use your editing checklist to review and correct your paragraphs....