MODR - Lecture notes 6-7 PDF

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TONY MODES LECTURE 6-7 FOR MIDTERM 2...

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Monday, Oct 1/18

****Claims are numbered**** Analyzing arguments: ❖ Simple vs Complex: ● Simple argument ○ Has one conclusion, one or more premises (p->c) p1 p2 p3 → c ●

Complex argument ○ More than one conclusion ○ 1 2 3 4 →{C1} ○ E.g. Weed: 1 (weed good for econ (explain why good to strengthen conclusions), 2 (good for health), 3 (joy)

Independent vs Linked Premises ❖ Independent: ● Stands on its own ● Acceptability doesn't hing on another premise ● Lends weight to conclusion ● Visuals Drawn: 1→ [2] 1,2,3→ [4] ❖ Linked: ➢ Some claim “work together” ➢ They’re linked ➢ Any single “linked” premise does not prove conclusion Standard Form ● A way of displaying argument ● A way of presenting premises & conclusions in their proper relations ● E.g: of Argument in standard form: You should’nt approach her bc shes in a bad mood ○ First claim: shouldn't approach. Second claim; she's in a bad mood ○ B/c is a indicator word, it indicated a conclusion ● Premises always go above the conclusions they support Analysing a Complex Argument E.g: indicator words in yellow

claim in green

linked words in blue

Now look, [everyone  who has read Marxs knows that capitalism cannot possibly survive into the 21st century], a  nd [Sanchez  has read more than his fair share of Marxs], so (indicated conclusion) [he  has well aware of this], and if he's well aware of that [he’s  lying to you when he says you should start a florist shop]. [The  man’s a liar]. M  AIN CONCLUSION HE’S A LIAR

Monday, Oct 1/18

Diagram (Arrow means support): 1+2→ [3]first conclusion → [4] intermediate conclusion → [5] main conclusion 1; Everyone who has read….. 2; Sanchez has read 1C [3]; He’s well awair… 1C [4]; he's lying MC [5]; The man’s a liar

Deductive vs Non-Deductive Reasoning (Logic) Non-Deductive: ● AKA informal ● Conclusions are probable (can be more or less probable) ● Can discuss whether arguments are weaker or stronger by degree ● Weak arg are uncogent ● Strong arg can be cogent or uncogent ○ e.g. 905 of YU students are female so the student next door is probably female ○ (STRONG BUT COGENT) ○ Strength isn’t about the truth Deductive: ● Delivers certainty NOT probability ● Conclusions follow necessarily from preceding premises ● Invalid logic: to accept premises but reject conclusion ● Can be expressed in symbols (eg p,q,a,g etc.) ● Arg can be valid or invalid ● Invalid arg→ always unsound ● Valid arg→ sound or unsound (false claims)...