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Module 3 – General Anatomy Introduction to Combining Forms - What is a combining form? o They are the “word-parts” which precede the termination. o They typically refer to body parts or substances, 

Although others are prefixes which indicate spatial relationship, among other things.

- It is important to note that combining forms are not words in and of themselves. o For example, “cephal” is the combining form for “head”  But cephal has NO MEANING ON ITS OWN.  Like you can’t say that someone was hit in the cephal with a football.

- Combining forms only have meaning when they are part of a larger word.

o Like is we take cephal and itis 

We get cephalitis which means  The imflammation of the head.



We get cephalosis which means  An abnormal condition involving the head.

- Dermat/itis o The inflammation of the skin - Dermato/pleg/ic o Pertaining to the paralysis of the skin. Multiple Combining Forms : Plan A - Most important are connection words like o “of” - Chir/o/dactyl/o/derm/itis o the inflammation of the skin digit hand 

the inflammation OF the skin OF the digit OF the hand.

Consideration 1 - Default context

o Assume that there is one patient with the normal number of body parts. Consideration 2 - Minimalists o Specialists in minimal words.

- Its just so that it makes the word better and more clear and easier to understand.

- Anthropo/somo/brachio/cheiro/dactyl/dermo/cyto/plegia o The paralysis OF cells OF the skin OF a digit OF the hand OF the arm OF the body OF a human.  THIS DOES VIOLATE SOME RULES Instead, - Brachio/cheiro/dactylo/plegia o The paralysis OF the digits OF the hand OF the arm  This is still not right because the last phrase “of the arm” adds nothing to our understanding of the disorder this word is diagnosing.  We know that is it of the arm so no need. o Chiro/dactyl/plegia  Mean the same thing.

- Digits is “a digit” and “the digits” o because skin is one therefore is a digit o hands and feet are the digits because many hands and feets. Multiple Combining Forms : Plan B How do we translate a connection when Plan A (“OF”) fails? - Branchio/chiro/megaly o Cannot be translated as  The enlargement of the hand of the arm  But translated as o The enlargement of the hand, (COMMA) INVOLVING the arm - Chiro/brachio/megaly  The enlargement of the arm, (COMMA) involving the hand

Multiple Combining Forms : Plan C And

- Dactyl-podo-xyt-ia o Plan A : an abnormal condition involving the cells of the foot of a digit.  INCORRECT o Plan B : an abnormal condition of a foot, involving a digit.  CORRECT  OR o Plan C : an abnormal condition involving the cells of a foot and involving a digit.

- Onycho-brachio-chiro-plegia o Plan A does not work o Plan B would give : the paralysis of the hand, involving the arm, involving the nails  or o Plan C would also work by given : the paralysis of the hand involving the arm and involving the nails.  But could be tooooooo wordy, here is a better way o : the paralysis of the hand involving the arms and the nails.

- Podo-chir-algia o Plan A would be : pain in the hands of the feet. o Plan B would be : pain in the hands, involving the feet. o Plan C would be : pain in the hands and feet. IF AND ONLY IF, PLAN A (“OF”) DOES NOT WORK USE PLAN B (“INVOLVING”). IF AND ONLY IF, PLAN B IS PROBLEMATIC USE PLAN C (“AND”)

Multiple Combining Forms : Conclusions - Onycho-brachio-chiro-dactyl-ia o FORMULA X-IA   o PLAN   o PLAN 

IA : An abnormal condition involving DACTYL : a digit A DACTYL : a digit CHIRO : of the hand B CHIRO : the hand



BRACHIO : involving the arm

o PLAN C  

BRACHIO : the arm ONYCHO : and the nail

o ALL TOGHETHER : An abnormal condition involving a digit of the hand involving the arm and the nail.

Combining Forms : External Anatomy How many? - When I have a combining form that refers to many body parts, how do I know if it refers to one or to more than one?

o If we have the term OSTEOCLASIS which definition(s) would be correct?  (NB :     

oste/o = bone) The breaking of a bone The breaking of the bone The breaking of the bones The breaking of bones The breaking of bone o Any of them could be CORRECT but it depends on the context and o ALL of them would be marked correct on a test/exam  Because in this case there is no context.

o If we have the term CARDIOSCLEROSIS which definition(s) would be correct?  (NB : cardi/o = heart)  The hardening of a heart  The hardening of the heart  The hardening of the hearts  The hardening of hearts  The hardening of heart o The second one because we only have ONE heart.

- General Principles o First, ALWAYS ASSUME one patient with the regular number of organs.

o Second, logic and common sense

Depending on the termination  E.g. dentist – one who specializes in teeth or one who specializes in a tooth? o Obviously teeth. o Third, Normal English usage  E.g. the breaking of bone vs the breaking of arm. o Bone is appropriate but the arm is incorrect usage of grammatical English.  Exceptions that you don’t need an article before a word is a substance  like for example;  Blood o Of blood  Sweat o Of sweat  Bone o Of bone  But things like organs and parts need an article in front. 

Blephar/otomy - The cutting of an eyelid OR the eyelidS Ophthalm/orrhea - The flowing of something from an eye or the eyeS Plan A : of - Two combining forms are connected with the word “of” o Cheir/o/dermat/o/sclerosis  The harderning of  The skin of  The hand

- This plan is your default o Because it makes logical sense o Because it adds information - Blephar/ophthalm/edema o The swelling of the eye of the eyelid? 

No

- Faci/o/rhin/itis o The inflammation of the nose of the face? 

No



It doesn’t add information  Same thing as rhin/it is

- Anthrop/o/derm/edema o The swelling of the skin of a human?  

No It doesn’t add information.  We are in medical for HUMANS terminology. o That is why anthrop/o is so rarely used.

Plan B : involving o The two combining forms are connected with the word “involving” - Only use when plan A does not work - The two body parts in question can somehow be connected o Physically or otherwise

- Arthr/o/gony/odynia o Plan B o Pain in the knees, involving the joints - Gony/o/arthr/odynia o Plan A o Pain in the joints of the knees Plan C : And

- Ot/o/cheir/algia o Plan A and B do not work o Plan C o Pain in the hand(s) and ear(s) - Ophthalm/o/rhin/al o Plan A does not work o Plan B or C o Pertaining to the nose and/involving the eye - Distinction between plans A and B is usually clear-cut - Distinction between plans B and C are less clear Note About Combining Vowels

- Students often ask when the combining vowel should be included before a termination. o The general principle governing this is as follows: 

Typically the combining vowel is inserted before the termination;  however, the combining vowel is omitted when the termination begins with a vowel other than “o” o Thus (for example): cephal/o/malacia (with combining vowel) but cephal/itis (no combining vowel)

Module 3 – Quizzes Quiz : Multiple Combining Forms - Use Plans A, B, and C to determine whether to use "of", "involving", or "and" to complete the following definition (type the missing word into the box provided): o an abnormal condition involving a nerve (BLANK) the hand  of  correct!  Involving  Incorrect.  And  Incorrect.

- Use Plans A, B, and C to determine whether to use "of", "involving", or "and" to complete the following definition (type the missing word into the box provided): o an abnormal condition involving the chest (BLANK) muscles.  of  Incorrect.  Involving  Correct!  And  Incorrect.

- Use Plans A, B, and C to determine whether to use "of", "involving", or "and" to complete the following definition (type the missing word into the box provided): o an abnormal condition involving the skin (BLANK) the lip.  of  correct!  Involving  Incorrect.  And  Incorrect.

- Use Plans A, B, and C to determine whether to use "of", "involving", or "and" to complete the following definition (type the missing word into the box provided): o an abnormal condition involving the skin (BLANK) cells.  of  Incorrect.  Involving  Correct!  And  Incorrect.

2.1a : Match terminations and definitions 1 -

Dermatitis o The inflammation of the skin

-

Arthritis o The inflammation of the job

-

Cheiritis o The inflammation of the hair

-

Rhinitis o The inflammation of the nose

-

Thelitis o The inflammation of the nipples

2.1b : Match terminations and definitions 2 -

Cervicedema o The swelling of the neck

-

Anconedema o The swelling of the elbow

-

Cytedema o The swelling of the cells

-

Glutedema o The swelling of the buttock

2.1c : Match terminations and definitions 3 -

Stehedema o The swelling of the chest

-

Mammedema o The swelling of the breasts

-

Omedema o The swelling of the shoulder

-

Pededema o The swelling of the foot

-

Dactylitis o The inflammation of the digits

-

Cephalitis o The inflammation of the head

2.3a : Pick the correct definition - Thoracodystrophy o Correct : the defective growth of the chest o Incorrect :    

the lack of growth of something involving the chest an abnormal condition involving the defecting growth of something p.t. the chest an abnormal condition involving the defecting growth of the chest the lack of growth of the chest

- Cerviconecrotic o Correct : p.t. the death of the neck o Incorrect :

   

-

p.t. the narrowing of the neck p.t. to an abnormal condition involving the death of the neck p.t. the narrowing of something involving the neck p.t. to an abnormal condition involving the death of something p.t. the neck

Branchiokinesis o Correct : the movement of the arms o Incorrect :  the movement of the hands  a movement of the arms  an abnormal condition involving something p.t. the arms  an abnormal condition involving the movement of the arms.

- Anconoplegia o Correct : the paralysis of the elbow o Incorrect :   

The abnormal condition involving the paralysis of the elbow An abnormal condition involving the paralysis of the elbow The paralysis of a substance of the elbow

- Faciopathology o Correct : The study of diseases of the face o Incorrect :    

The study of one who has a disease of the face To study diseases involving the face To study the diseases of the face The study of diseases involving the face

- Goniatric o Correct : p.t. the healing of the knee o Incorrect :    

Pertaining to the abnormal presence of the knee Pertaining to the science of the healing of the knee Pertaining to the abnormal presence of some thing pertaining the knee Pertaining to one who heals the knee

2.4a : Analogies - Complete the following analogy:

o If omist is one who specializes in the shoulders, then the healing of the shoulder is:  omiatry

- Complete the following analogy: o If omedema is the swelling of a shoulder, then treatment by means of the shoulder is:  omotherapy

2.4b : Complete the Term and Definition -

Supply what is missing in order to complete both the medical term and its definition:  The narrowing of the (BLANK) = steth (BLANK)  Chest, ostenosis

-

Supply what is missing in order to complete both the medical term and its definition:  The (BLANK) of the digits = (BLANK) edema  Swelling, dactyl

2.5a : Provide the Medical Term -

Provide the Medical Term for:  The stopping of the chest ú Thoracostasis

-

Provide the Medical Term for:  The displacement of the joints ú Arthrectopia

2.5b : Define the Term - Define the following term: glutosclerosis o the hardening of the buttocks - Define the following term: trichoplasia o The formation of the hair 2.5c : Synonym - In some/many cases, there are two (or more) ways to say the same thing, and these words are known as "synonyms." For example,

-

omphalosis, umbilosis, and umbilicosis all mean "an abnormal condition involving the navel." o Provide a synonym for faciogram  prosopogram In some/many cases, there are two (or more) ways to say the same thing, and these words are known as "synonyms." For example, omphalosis, umbilosis, and umbilicosis all mean "an abnormal condition involving the navel." o Provide a synonym for dermitis  dermatitis

Review Quiz : Module 3 - Complete the following analogy: o If cephalostenosis is the narrowing of the head, then the growth of the head is:  cephalotrophy

- Define the following term: trachelitis o The inflammation of the neck -

Supply what is missing in order to complete both the medical term and its definition:  The distension of the (BLANK) = somat (BLANK) ú Body, ectasia

-

Choose the correct definition of the following term  Anconoplegia ú Correct: the paralysis of the elbow ú Incorrect: ú the abnormal condition involving the paralysis of the elbow ú the paralysis of a substance of the elbow ú an abnormal condition involving the paralysis of the elbow

-

Provide the Medical Term for : the healing of the knee  Goniatry

- In some/many cases, there are two (or more) ways to say the same thing, and these words are known as "synonyms." For example, omphalosis, umbilosis, and umbilicosis all mean "an abnormal condition involving the navel." o Provide a synonym for stethotrpohy  thoracotrophy...