Module 5 -Health-Compromising Behaviours PDF

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- Online health psychology - Ken Fowler
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MODULE5 Att heendoft hi suni t ,y ouwi l l beabl et o: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

i dent i f yt hec har ac t er i s t i c sofheal t hc ompr omi s i ngbehav i our s des c r i beanddefines ubs t ancedependence under s t andhowal cohol i s m andpr obl em dr i nk i ngc ompr omi s eheal t h ex pl ai nhows moki ngi shar mf ul f orheal t handwhatf act or si nfl uenc es mok i ng des c r i beeat i ngdi s or der s

1.Subs t anc eDependence I nt hi smodul et hef oc usi sonheal t hc ompr omi s i ngbehav i our sandal c ohol i s m,s moki ng andeat i ngdi s or der sar eex ami ned. Her ear es omedefini t i onst ogets t ar t ed.     

Addi c t i on—Phy s i c al l yorps y c hol ogi c al l ydependentonas ubs t anc ef ol l owi ngus e ov eraper i odoft i me Phy si c aldependenc e—Thebodyhasadj us t edt ot hes ubs t anc eandi ncor por at es t heus eoft hats ubst anc ei nt ot henor mal f unct i oni ng T ol er ance—Thebodyi nc r easi ngl yadapt st ot heus eofas ubs t anc e,r equi r i ng l ar gerandl ar gerdos est oobt ai nt hesameeffect s Cr av i ng—St r ongdesi r et oengagei nabehav i ourorc ons umeas ubst anc e; s eemst or es ul tf r om aphy s i caldependenc eandf r om acondi t i oni ngpr oces s Wi t hdr awal —Theunpl eas ants y mpt oms( bot hps y c hol ogi c al andphy s i c al )t hat peopl eex per i encewhent heys t opus i ngasubs t anc eonwhi c ht heyhav ebec ome dependent ,s uc hasal c ohol ort obacco.

2.Al coholandHeal t h How DoAl cohol i sm andPr obl em Dr i nki ngCompr omi seHeal t h? Ther ei sadi ffer enc ei npr obl em dr i nk i ngv er s usal cohol i s m.Al c ohol i s mi nv ol v es phy si c al dependenc y ,s oci al ,psy c hol ogi cal pr obl ems.Pr obl em dr i nk i ngi nv ol v esmor e s ubs t ant i al s oc i al ,ps y c hol ogi cal ,andmedi cal pr obl ems . Al c ohol i s m wasr ec ogni z edasadi s easei n1957.I ti sl i nk edt ohi ghbl oodpr es s ur e, s t r ok e,ci r r hos i soft hel i v er ,canc er ,f et alal c ohol s y ndr ome( FAS) ,s l eepdi sor der s ,and

i r r ev er s i bl ec ogni t i v ei mpai r ment s .I ti sdi fficul tt odet er mi net hes c opeofal c ohol i s m as al cohol i c sc anbev er ygoodathi di ngt hedi s eas e.

Speci ficBehavi our sofAl cohol i cs          

needf ordai l yus e i nabi l i t yt oc utdown r epeat edeffor t st oc ont r ol dr i nk i ng bi ngedr i nk i ng l os sofmemor yorbl ac ki ngout dr i nk i ngdes pi t eheal t hpr obl emst hatar eex ac er bat edbydr i nk i ng decr eas ei nj obper f or mance i nabi l i t yt of unc t i ons oci al l ywi t houtal c ohol l egaldi ffic ul t i es di ffic ul t i eswi t hf ami l yandf r i ends

Or i gi nsofAl cohol i sm andPr obl em Dr i nki ng Near l y20% ofCanadi ansdr i nkatl ev el st hatex ceedgov er nmentr ec ommendat i ons . Or i gi nsofal cohol i s m andpr obl em dr i nk i ngi ncl ude: genet i cf ac t or s( t wi ns t udi es ) s oc i odemogr aphi cf ac t or s( l owSES) s t r es s( e. g. ,fi nanc i al s t r ai n,enhanc epos i t i v eemot i ons,unempl oy ment ,l i t t l e s oc i als uppor t )  s oc i alor i gi ns —as s oc i at i onbet weendr i nk i ngandpl eas ants oc i al occ asi ons Ther eappear st obet wowi ndowsofv ul ner abi l i t y :   

c hemi c al dependenceus ual l ys t ar t sbet ween12and21;peak s18t o25 l at emi ddl eage;copi ngmet hodf ormanagi ngs t r es s Ther ei sal s oal i nkbet weendepr es s i onandal c ohol i s m.

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Tr eat mentofAl coholAbuse   

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1020% ofal c ohol i c ss t opdr i nk i ngont hei rown;“ mat ur i ngout ” —l at ery ear sofl i f e al c ohol i c sf r om hi ghsoci oeconomi cst at us( SES)dobet t eri nt r eat ment pr ogr ams( 68% s ucc es sv s .18%) br oads pec t r um CBTi sof t enus edt ot r eatbi ol ogi cal andenv i r onment al f ac t or s i nv ol v edi nal cohol i s ms i mul t aneousl y .Goali st odec r easer ei nf or c i ngpr oper t i esof al c ohol ,t eac hpeopl enewbehav i our si nc ons i s t entwi t hal c oholabuse,andmodi f yt he envi r onmentt oi ncl uder ei nf or cementf orac t i v i t i est hatdonoti nv ol v eal c ohol har dc or eal c ohol i c s —det ox i fi cat i on

o o

oc c ur si nac ar ef ul l ys uper v i s edandmedi c al l ymoni t or eds et t i ng;t her apy begi nsonc e“ dr i edout ” t y pi c ali npat i entpr ogr am l as t st hr eeweeks

Rel apsePr event i on Onl y26% ofal cohol i c sr emai ni mpr ov edoney earaf t ert r eat ment( es t i mat i on) .Some s t udi esr epor tr el apser at esof50% ormor et wot of oury ear saf t ert r eat ment .Pr ev ent i ng r el aps ei nv ol ves :     o

c opi ngs k i l l s( t hes t andar dappr oac h) s oc i als k i l l s dr i nkr ef us als k i l l s s ubs t i t ut i onorpl ac ebodr i nk i ng nonal cohol i cdr i nki npl ac eofal c ohol i cdr i nk

Dr i nki ngandUni ver si t ySt udent s    

16% ofuni v er si t ys t udent swhodr i nkar e“ heavydr i nk er s ” 41% ar ei nvol v edi noc c as i onalbi ngedr i nk i ng i nt er v ent i onshav ef oc us edon“ s el f c ont r ol ” pr ev ent i oneffor t sf oc usonhi ghs c hools t udent s

Pat t er nsofHaz ar dousorHar mf ulDr i nk i ng T ay l orandSi r oi s ,2012,p.131.Sour ce:Adl af ,Demer s ,&Gi l k s man.

Al coholRel at edPr obl emsand Uni ver si t ySt udent s

Al c oholRel at edPr obl emsandUni v er s i t ySt udent s T ay l orandSi r oi s ,2012,p.132

3.Smoki ng How i sSmoki ngHar mf ult oHeal t h? Smok i ngi st hes i ngl egr eat es tc aus eofpr ev ent abl edeat h.About45, 000Canadi an deat hseac hy earar eat t r i but edt os mok i ngandar el ar gel yc ar di ov as c ul arr el at ed.About 30% ofal lc anc erdeat hsi nCanadar el at edt os mok i ng.

Smok i ngal s oi nc r easest her i s kf orCOPD( r es pi r at or ydi s or der s ) ,damageandi nj ur i es , l owbi r t hwei ght ,andf et al cogni t i v ei mpai r ment .

Per cept i onsaboutSmoki ng Per cept i onsabouts moki nghavec hanged.Smok i ngus edt obeas ophi st i cat edand manl yac t i v i t yandwasr egul ar l ys eeni nmagaz i nes ,fi l msandt el ev i si on.I nt he1940s mor ewomens t ar t eds mok i ng,soadv er t i ser squi c kl yc hangedt hei rf oc ust ot hi snew mar k etofwomen. Wat c ht hef ol l owi ngv i deot os eehows mok i ngwasadv er t i s ed.Thephot osofmov i e s t ar sbel owhows mok i ngwasper c ei v ed.

J amesDean J amesDeanonl oc at i onf orGi anti nMar f aT ex as ,1955.©1978Si dAv er y .Mpt v i mages . c om v i ai mdb.

Audr eyHepbur n Audr eyHepbur nasHol l yGol i ght l y ,publ i c i t ys t i l lf orBr eak f as tatTi ffany ’ s ,©1961Par amount .Mpt v i mages . com mdb. v i ai

By1965,61% oft headul tmal epopul at i oni nCanadawass mok i ng.Thepr ev i ousy ear t hefi r s ts ur geongener al ’ sr epor thi ghl i ght edt hedanger sofs mok i ng.Thenumberof mensmok er sdec r eas edaswomens mok er si nc r eas ed.By1975t heper c ent ageof t eenagef emal es mok er shadi nc r eas edt o48% i nCanada.

TheSyner gi st i cEffect sofSmoki ng   

Sy ner gi s t i c —enhanc est hei mpac tofot herr i s kf act or si nc ompr omi s i ngheal t h Chol es t er ol —hi gherr at esofmor bi di t yandmor t al i t yduet ohear tdi seas e St r es s —hear tr at er eac t i v i t yandbl oodpr es s ur e

Genes —br eas tc anc er Depr es si on—affec t st hei mmunes y s t em r es pons e Smok i ngi sdet er mi nedbymul t i pl ephy s i ol ogi cal ,ps y c hol ogi cal ,ands oci al f ac t or s .I t begi nsear l y-gr eat ert han15% oft hepopul at i onbegi nbet weent heageof12and18. Ther ei saper i odofi ni t i al ex per i ment at i onwhi c hi nc l udes :t heactoft r yi ngc i gar et t es , bei ngpr es sur ebypeer st os mok e,andt hedev el opmentofat t i t udesaboutwhata s mok eri sl i k e.

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Smoki ngi nAdol escent s Ther ear eanumberoff act or sas s oc i at edwi t hs mok i ngi nadol es c ent s .Thes ei nc l ude: 

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PeerandFami l yi nfluenc e—st ar t i ngt os mok er es ul t sf r om as oci al c ont agi on pr oc es swher ebynonsmok er shav ec ont ac twi t h“ t r y er s ”orr egul ars mok er sandt r y s mok i ng.I ti ses t i mat edt hatov er70% ofci gar et t ess mok edbyanadol es c entar e dones oi nt hepr es enc eofapeer . Sel f I mage—t hei mageoft he“ s mok er ”i sas i gni fic antf ac t ori nbegi nni ng s mok i ng,e. g. ,r ebel l i ous ,t ough,mat ur e Wei ghtCont r ol Mood—aggr es s i v et endenc i es ,depr es s i on,s t r es s ,ps y chol ogi c aldi s t r es s

I nt er vent i onst oReduceSmoki ng Changesi nat t i t udesar eani mpor t antfir s ts t epi nac t ual l yhel pi ngpeopl et oqui t . At t i t udec hangehask epts omepeopl ef r om begi nni ngs mok i ng,mot i v at edmanyt ot r y t os t op,andk epts omef or mers mok er sf r om r el aps i ng.Medi acampai gnsc anal sobe ext r emel yeffect i v ef orpr ov i di ngi nf or mat i ononheal t hhabi t s .Suc hc ampai gnshav e hel pedi ns t i l lanant i s mok i ngat t i t udei nt hegener alpopul at i on.Anumberoff ear appeal shaveappear edov ert hey ear sonc i gar et t epac k agesandi nt hemedi a.Youc an v i ews omeoft hem bel ow.

Canc er ousMout hTumour s T umour sc aus edb yor alc anc er .Vi aSt opTabac. c h.Or i gi nals our c e:Bes t Br ai nDr ai n. com

I mpot enc eWar ni ngonCi gar et t ePac k i ng Smoki ngma yr educ et hebl oodfl ow andc aus ei mpot ence.Gr aphi cwar ni ngonUKci gar et t epac k et s ,i nt r oduc ed t mentofHeal t h.©Cr ownCopy r i ght2003. J anuar y2003.Depar

Adv er t i s ementEncour agi ngPeopl et oQui tSmok i ng

Qui tSmok i ngT oday .NewYor kCi t yHeal t hant i smok i ngpos t er .Vi aDCFAd v er t i s i ng.

Mar l bor oLi ght sCi gar et t ePac k agef eat ur i ngDi s easedGums . Mar l bor oLi ght sc i gar et t epac k age.Vi aWeHear t I t . c om.Or i gi nals our c e: www. fl i ck r . c om/ phot os / 27122949@N08/ 2550114459

aYoungChi l d,aPr egnantWoman,andanEl der l yWomanI nhal i ngSec ondhand Smok e

Pas s i v eSmok i ng:Deadl i ert hany out hi nk( 3ant i smok i ngads ) .WHO andMi ni s t r yofHeal t handFami l yWel f ar e, t i ngTheChai . c om. I ndi a.Vi aCut

Ther apeut i cappr oac hest or educes mok i ngi nc l ude:  o o o o o o  

mul t i modal i nt er v ent i on s t ageofr eadi nes sofs mok er s ens eofc ont r ol emphas i z eadv er seheal t heffec t s negat i v es oc i alat t i t udes finds uppor t i v epar t ner ni c ot i ner epl acement( gum;pat c h) mai nt enanc e r el aps epr ev ent i on

Whyi sSmoki ngBehavi ourSoHar dt o Change?      

s mok i ngi sadeepl yent r enc hedbehavi ourpat t er n s mok i ngi sof t enas s oc i at edwi t hpl eas ur abl eact i v i t i es( br eak t i me,t al ki ngwi t h f r i ends ) ni c ot i nei saddi c t i v e appear st oc ont r olanx i et yandr eac t i onst os t r es s k eepsbodywei ghtdown unawar eoft hebenefit sofqui t t i ng

Smoki ngPr event i on Ther ear es ever al smoki ngpr ev ent i onpr ogr amsandt heyar edi s c us s edbel ow.

Soci ali nfluencei nt er vent i on As mok i ngpr ev ent i oni nt er v ent i ont hatdr awsont hes oc i al l ear ni ngpr i nc i pl esof model i ngandbehav i our ali noc ul at i oni ni nduc i ngpeopl enott os mok e.Youngst er sar e expos edt ool derpeermodel swhodel i v erant i s moki ngmes s agesaf t erexpos ur et o s i mul at edpeerpr ess ur et os mok e.

Behavi our alI nocul at i on Pr ogr amsar edes i gnedt oi noc ul at epeopl eagai ns tadv er s eheal t hhabi t sbyex pos i ng t hem t omi l dv er s i onsofper s uas i v ec ommuni cat i onst hatt r yt oengaget hem i napoor heal t hpr ac t i ceandgi vi ngt hem t ec hni quest hatt heyc anus et or es pondeffec t i v el yt o t hes eeffor t s .

Li f eSki l l sTr ai ni ngAppr oach As mok i ngpr ev ent i onpr ogr am c har ac t er i z edbyt hebel i eft hatt r ai ni ngi ns el f es t eem andc opi ngs k i l l swi l lboos ts el f i maget ot hepoi ntt hats mok i ngbec omesunnec es s ar y ori nc ons i s t entwi t hl i f es t y l e. Ov er al l ,t hesepr ogr amsar es omewhatpr omi si ngands howr educt i oni nsmoki ngons et ov ert i measwel l .

Youdon’ tsmokebut … Whi l ey oudon’ ts mok e,s pendi ngt i mear ounds mok er swhoar eac t i vel ys mok i ng, r es ul t si nar i s kf ori l l nes st hr oughpas si v esmok i ngors ec ondhands moki ng.Ther ei s l egi s l at i ont or es t r i c tt hes mok i ngenv i r onment ,s uc hasi npubl i cpl ac es ,wor kpl ac es , c ar swi t hc hi l dr enundert heageof17.I ns omepr ov i nc es ,Wor k er ’ sCompens at i onwi l l acc eptc l ai msf ors econdhands mok ei l l nes s es .

T abl eofDeat hs T ay l orandSi r oi s ,2012,p.146.SOURCE:Heal t hCanada,2004;Ont ar i oMedi c alAs soc i at i on2004.

4.Eat i ngDi s or der s Whatar eEat i ngDi sor der s? Cul t ur als t andar dsandmedi amayi nfl uenc eeat i ngbehav i ourt obecomedi s or der edand har mf ul .Eat i ngdi s or der st y pi c al l ybegi ni nadol esc ence,andasof2005,500, 000 Canadi anss ufferf r om s omef or m.T wooft hemos tc ommont y pesofeat i ngdi s or derar e anor ex i aandbul i mi a.

Anor exi aNer vosa Anor ex i aner v os ai sanobses si v edi s or derc har ac t er i z edbyex ces s i v edi et i ngand ex er c i s ewher eheal t hi st hr eat ened,pot ent i al l yr es ul t i ngi ndeat h. Ac cor di ngt or es ear ch,pr edi c t or sofanor ex i ai ncl ude: genet i c s s t r es sf act or s depr es s i on,anx i et y ,l owsel f est eem,l owmas t er y bodyi magedi st or t i on( caus eorc ons equenc e ?) T r eat ment si nc l ude:

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hospi t alorr es i dent i al t r eat mentset t i ngst oi nc r eas ewei ghtgai n behav i our alt her api es mot i v at i oni sak eycomponent Pr ev ent i onappr oachesi nc l ude:

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addr es s i ngsoci al nor ms c hangi ngmedi aandpr oduc tpopul ar i z at i onofbeaut y

Bul i mi a Bul i mi ai saneat i ngdi s or derc har ac t er i z edbyal t er nat i ngc y c l esofbi ngeeat i ngand pur gi ng( v omi t i ng,l ax at i v es ,di et i ngorf ast i ng,dr ugoral c oholabus e) .I ti st y pi c alof nor malwei ghtorov er wei ghti ndi v i dual s . Dev el opment : out of c ont r olr eac t i ont or es t or ewei ght( bi ngi ng) r egai nc ont r ol ov erwei ght( pur gi ng) ov er v al ui ngbodyappear anc e  s t r es sorconfli ct T r eat ment :   

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medi cal i nt er v ent i on c ogni t i v ebehav i our al t her apy( s el f moni t or i ng,di ar yk eepi ng,cogni t i v e r es t r uc t ur i ng)...