Motor Development - Jennifer Ganger Lecture notes PDF

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Jennifer Ganger Lecture notes...

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Motor%Development%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Thursday,#September# 22,#2016

1:03#PM

We#will#cover: - Reflexes#and#motor#milestones - Dynamic#systems#approach - Connection#btwn#motor#development#and#perception

Reflexes:#the#first#motor#skills - Innate,#fixed#pattern#of#action#that#occurs#in#response#to# specific#stimulation

Newborn#reflexes - Rooting#(disappears#~3#weeks) ○ Stimulation:#Pressure#on#the#cheek#like#a#stroke ○ Response:#Turning#head#toward#stimulation#and#opening# mouth - Palmar#grasp/grasping#(disappears#3-4#months) ○ Pressure#in#palm ○ Tightly#grasps - Stepping#("disappears"#around#2#months,#"reappears"#at#12# months?) ○ Baby's#toes#on#surface ○ Will#start#making#stepping#motions ○ Prep#for#being#able#to#walk#later? - Moro/startle#(disappears#before#6#months) ○ Shake#or#sensation#of#falling#(loss#of#support) ○ Arms#go#out#and#come#back#around#like#a#hug ○ Probably#to#gain#support - If#reflexes# are#absent,#too#strong,#too#weak,#continue#longer#than# theyre#supposed#to#→ signs#of#bad#neurological#development

Motor%milestones%you%should%know: - New#ways#of#interacting#with#the#world - Lifts#head ○ By#4#weeks - Arms#for#support ○ 2-4#months - Reaching/grasping ○ 3-4#months - Sits#without#support ○ 5-7#months - Crawls ○ 5-11months#(7#is#average) - Walks#alone ○ 11-14#months Understanding#motor#development - Traditional#view:#maturation#(Gesell) ○ Based#on#observation#of#orderly#progression#of#motor# milestones#in#western#culture - Chipping#away#at#the#traditional#view# ○ Many#hints#that#multiple#factors#are#important#in#motor# development § Stepping#reflex § Cultural#differences#in#motor#development

The#stepping#reflex - Does#it#drop#out#and#reappear? - Water#study# ○ In#water#they#would#start#stepping#again ○ Because#legs#feel#lighter#and#theyre#able#to#lift#them# again ○ Legs#get#heavier#before#muscles#can#get#strong#enough#to# lift#them - Added#weight#study ○ Added#weights#to#babies#ankles#and#they#stopped# stepping

Cultural#influence#on#motor#development:##walking - Urban#china,#rural#paraguay ○ Babies#develop#fine#but#may#be#a#few#weeks#or#months# later#to#learn#to#walk Vs - West#africa,#west#indies ○ Stretching#and#suspending#exercises#→ gradually# strengthens#muscles ○ Babies#crawl#and#walk#sooner#than#US#babies - These#kinds#of#observations#led#application#of#dynamic#systems# theory#to#motor#development - Behavior#is#an#integrated#system#(genetic#maturation#is#not#the#only# factor)

Dynamic#systems#framework:#multiple,#interacting#systems 1. CNS#development ○ Synaptogenesis,#myelination 2. Movement#possibilities#of#body#(building#new#on#old) ○ Pre#existing#skills#(e.g.#postural#control/balance#→ reaching) § What#you#can#do#next#depends#on#what#you#can#do# before § Cant#start#walking#before#you#can#sit ○ Body#proportions § Ex:#Growing#into#head#size# § Helps#do#things#you#couldn’t#do#before 3. Motivation ○ Environment#with#things#that#motivate#baby#to#want#to# move/reach#out 4. Environmental#supports/effects ○ Cultural#differences#examples ○ America:#dresses;#face#up#to#wake#up § Hard#to#crawl#in#dresses □ Change#in#this#made#babies#crawl#sooner ○ Naked walkers

○ § Without#diapers#on#babies#walk#normal ○ Orphanage#studies:#physical#and#emotion#deprivation#stunts# motor#(&#physical#and#cognitive)#development § Barren#environment#where#basic#health#and#nutrition# needs#are#met □ Babies#are#months#behind#in#development#like# sitting#up#and#reaching

Intertwined#effects#of#movement,#perception,#cognition# and#emotion Self-locomotion#and#depth#perception - Visual#cliff#studies#(Gibson#&#walk;#campos#&#colleagues) ○ Crawlers#show#more#fear#(hesitation)#than#non-crawlers#at#the# same#age ○ Non-crawlers#with#walker#manipulation#learned#fear#quickly § Non#crawlers#sent#home#w#walkers#for#a#few#weeks#and# showed#more#hesitation#to#cross#visual#cliff#when#they# came#back ○ About#experience# of#the#world Self-locomotion#and#egocentrism - Piaget's#egocentric#representation ○ For#infants,#object#locations#are#remembered#relative#to#own# position#when#location#is#first#learned - Connection#to#self-locomotion ○ Crawling#versus#being#carried#to#toy § When#carried#around#table#babies#looked#for#toy#on#the# left#side#again § When#they#crawled/cruised#to#get#there#they#looked#for# the#toy#in#the#right#place □ Paying#more#attention#when#getting#yourself#there Egocentric#representation#of#space#→ body#is#the#only#landmark.# Object#relative#to#where#body#is.# Self-locomotion#and#learning

- Representation#appear#to#be#built#through#action - Is#learning#specific#to#each#posture#or#motor#skill?? - (notice#microgenetic#approach)

Motor#development#and#social#development - Social#development ○ Stranger#anxiety/separation#anxiety#and#crawling ○ New,#adversarial#relationship#with#adults § Adults#now#controlling#baby's#behavior#in#a#way#they# didn’t#have#to#before § First#time#baby#hears#no ○ New#opportunities#for#positive#interactions#as#well § Crawling#to#walking

Wrap-up Motor#development#doesn’t#occur#in#isolation - Multiple#interacting#factors - Drives#perceptual,#cognitive#and#even#social#development...