Cognitive Theories II - Jennifer Ganger Lecture notes PDF

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Jennifer Ganger Lecture notes...

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Cognitive)Theories)II)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) Thursday,*October*6,*2016

1:01*PM

Information*processing*(cognitive*science) - Child*as*problem*solver - Child*as*"limited*capacity*processing*system" ○ Limited*by… § Hardware:*memory*capacity,*efficiency*of*basic*operations § Software:*strategies*and*knowledge ○ Development*=*improvement*in*both*hardware*and*software:* maturation*(in*hardware)*and*experience* (in*software) - Central*developmental*issues*and*core*problems ○ Continuous*change § Gradual*maturation (biological)*and*continuous*learning from*experience ○ Emphasis*on*how change*occurs*(mechanisms) ○ Core*problems § Memory/learning § Problem-solving - Development*of*memory ○ (ex:*arithmetic*problem) ○ Working*memory § Actively*attending*to,*maintaining,*and*processing* information*relevant*to*a*task,*including*incoming* information*and*information*from*LTM,*until*work*is*done § Limited*capacity ○ Long*Term*Memory § Long*term*meanings,*definitions,*representations*of*things ○ Executive*functioning § Inhibition*of*behavior □ Forcing*you*to*keep*attention ® Not*be*distracted*by*phone*or*being*hungry*or* number reminding you*of something else

§ Selection*of*content*from*LTM § Strategy*selection*and*flexibility What*drives*the*development*of*memory? Improvement*in… - Basic*processes*improve*through*myelination*and*increased* connectivity ○ Associating*events*with*each*other ○ Encoding*(representation*of*specific*features) ○ Recognizing*objects*as*familiar ○ Recalling*facts*and*procedures ○ Generalizing*from*one*instance*to*another - Strategies*improve*through*instruction,*use,*discovery ○ Rehearsal ○ Selective*attention § Given*a*memory*problem*with*2*categories □ 7-8*year*olds*only*attend*to*relevant*category □ 4*year*olds*try*to*remember*everything ○ utilization - Content*knowledge*through*experiences ○ Knowing*more*helps*you*integrate*new*material § Existing*structures*to*integrate*new*info*into ○ Chess*example Information*processing*approach - Breaking*task*into*smaller*components*to*understand*children's* failure/points*of*development - Compare*Piaget*and*info*Proc*on… ○ Object*permanence ○ AB*error ○ Conservation ○ Three*mountains ○ Pendulum*problem Sociocultural*theories - Development*takes*place*through*interactions*with*other*people - View*of*child:*children*as*social*beings Vygotsky

- Vygotsky ○ Children*are*intent*on*participating*in*activities*in*their*local* setting ○ Tomasello:*teaching*and*learning*from*one*another*are*instincts ○ (cf.*Piaget,*viewing*children*on*exploring*world*and*mastering* universal*concepts) - Stress*importance*of*culture ○ Artifacts,*symbols,*skills,*values,*etc,*specific*to*culture § Could*be*important*to*learn*microwaves*in*one*culture*and* important*to*learn*farm*tools*in*another - Metaphor*and*developmental*issues ○ Metaphor:*children*are*products*of* - Concepts ○ guided*participation § More*knowledgeable*individuals*organize*activities*in*a* way*that*allows*less*knowledgeable*people*to*learn □ Guiding*them*in*being*able*to*use*something*in* instructions*at*the*child's*level

Social*interactions*are*the*way*they*we*learn*not* discovery*learning*or*myelination

Inter-subjectivity - Mutual*understanding*people*share*during*communication ○ Awareness*of*each*other's*minds - Joint*attention ○ Begins*in*(late)*infancy ○ Intentionally*focusing*on*a*common*referent

Social*scaffolding - Helping*child*to*the*next*level - Scaffold*metaphor - Providing*a*temporary*framework*that*supports*children's* thinking*at*a*higher*level*than*they*could*manage*on*their*own

Dynamic*systems - Metaphor:*child*as*complex*system - Active*explorers*of*world*(Active*child) ○ Action*is*central*to*learning*(recall*adolph*studies) § Moving*self*through*world*was*key □ Infants*had*to*learn*about*world*again*when* they*started*walking - Experiences*central*in*forming*knowledge*(nurture) -

Approach*to*AB*error ○ Previous*reaching*to*A*produces*habit § More*reaches*to*A*makes*reaching*to*B*less*likely □ Babies*develop*habit*to*reach*to*A § Imposing*3*second*wait*before*reach*makes* reaching*to*A*more*likely*(memory*trace*of*B*fades* relative*to*strength*of*habit § Small*weights*on*wrist*improved reaching*to*B □ Cant*do*exact* same*muscle*actions*have*to* change*them □ Representation*isnt*shaking,*something*about* motor*action*that*is*compelling,*have*to*break* out*of*habit...