Prenatal Development - Jennifer Ganger Lecture notes PDF

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Jennifer Ganger Lecture notes...

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Prenatal(Development((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( Tuesday,' September' 6,'2016

12:56'PM

Length'of'human'gestation - 38'weeks'from'conception'to'birth ○ 3'stages'of'development'(know'these): 1. Zygote'(weeks'1-2) 2. Embryo'(weeks'3-8) 3. Fetus'(9-38) - 40''weeks'of'pregnancy'according'to'obstetrics' (start'rom'first'day'of'last'menstrual'period)

Zygote/'Germinal'stage:'0-2''weeks - Conception ○ Gametes,'zygote ○ Twins - Massive'cell'division' ○ But'not'differentiation - Implantation ○ At'7-9'days ○ placenta Embryo'stage:'3-8'weeks - Stage'of'most'rapid'development'and'most' vulnerability - Cell'differentiation - Cell'death'(apoptosis) - 4'weeks:'heart'is'beating - 1/4'inch'long - 5-6'weeks ○ Facial'features ○ Rapid'brain'development ○ Movement'begins

Fetal'stage - 9'weeks ○ All'internal'organs'present ○ Tactile' stimulation - 11-12'weeks ○ External'genetalia'developed ○ "breathing",'grasping,'swallowing,' sucking - 16-20'weeks ○ Movement'felt'by'mother - 22-26'weeks ○ "viability" § If'the'fetus'is'born'this'early'w' no'major'problems'in'it's' development'it'can'probably' survive'w'intervention - 28'weeks ○ Sleep'cycles § REM'sleep § Waking'periods ○ External'sounds

Fetal'experience'and'learning Fetal'sensory'experience - Sight - Touch - Taste'and'smell ○ Preferences'persist'postnatally § Scent'of'mother's'amniotic'fluid □ Newborns'prefer'scent'of'their'own' mother's'amniotic'fluid'as'opposed'to'a' stranger's'amniotic'fluid

□ Remember'and'prefer § Carrot'juice'experiment'(5'1/2'months)' (Mennella'et'al'2001) □ Mothers'consume'carrot'juice'4'weeks' before'due'date □ Babies'tested'5'months'later - Hearing'(by'28'weeks) ○ Internal'and'external § Testing'hearing'prenatally

Measuring'Fetal'learning:'habituation:'A''can-you-tell-thedifference?''test - Habituation Decrease'in'response'due'to'repeated'presentation'of' stimulus - Dishabituation/recovery'(response'to'new'stimulus) ○ Rebound'in'response'due'to'subsequent'change'in' stimulus - Heart'rate'(for'neonates'for'fetuses) ○ Pulse'decelerates'upon'stimulus'presentation'(for' interesting'stimulus,'not'startling) ○ Habituation'in'this'context'='return'to'baseline ○ Decelerates' again'to'indicate'dishabituation'

Logic'of'habituation/dishabituation

Fetal'heart-rate'habituation'example - Lecanuet'et'al.,'1995 ○ 9th'month'of'gestation'(~32'weeks) ○ Played'"babi"'until'heartrate'went'back'to' baseline'-->'switched'to'"biba" § Heartrate'change - Sounds'remembered'postnatally ○ Mother's'voice'(DeCasper'&'Fifer,'1980) ○ Mother's'language'(Mehler'et'al,'1988) Measuring'fetal'learning'after'birth:'non-nutritive'sucking - Non-nutritive'sucking'(for'neonates) ○ E.g.,'mother's'language'vs'another - Knowledge'retained'after'birth'(DeCasper'&'Spence' 1986'Cat'in'the'Hat'study) ○ Mother'reads'the$cat$in$the$hat to'infants ○ Infants'tested'soon'after'birth ○ Faster'sucking'allows'them'to'hear'the$cat$in$ the$hat,'slower'sucking'-->'another'rhyming' story'(or'vice'versa) ○ For'infants'who'had'hear'the$cat$in$the$hat prenatally,'they'sucked'the'right'pattern'to' hear'it ○ Control'group'of'babies'who'had'not'heard' the'story'-->'showed'no'preference

Themes:'Lessons'for'development - Nature'and'nurture ○ Early'development'is'largely'canalized,'but'it' can'be'affected'by'experience - The'active'child ○ Fetus''own'activity'contributes'to'its' development:'"Sucking"'and'"breathing" - Continuity/discontinuity ○ Change'is'gradual'but'development'is'divided' into'stages...