MUSC 10A - Notes from Music Appreciation PDF

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Notes from Music Appreciation...

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AUG 22 MUSC 10A 60% 5quiz, 12 ea. (2 chances on quizzes) 20%2 papers abt concerts Listening exams: OCT 8 and DEC 5 NO MAKEUPS go over chaper+articles during weekend before tuesday AUG 27 ingredients of musical sound ● if music = emotion in sound, which ingredients taste like which emotion ● if music= organized sound,how much of each ingredient of what we hear ○ rhythm, melody, harmony, timbre texture, form, dynamics, tempo Rhythm ● beat=pulse ● meter= regular groups of beats ● rhythm= pulses in time ( same or different length) ● pattern= repeating rhythm ○ African bell patterns ○ Caribbean clave Melody ● The tune, you can hum or sing it by yourself ● It can be flat, or have a wide range ● It can be plain ● Or ornamented ● It can set lyrics 1 notes per syllable ● Syllabic ● Or with many notes per syllabus (mellismatic) Timbre ● Tone quality ● Physics, acoustics ● Smooth v rough, nasal v echoey ● Each instrument each voice has a unique overtone series TUE SEP 3 Western music during medieval times Years 600-14XX ● The beginning of music (not really) ○ As far back as 600AD ○ Before this, world music had song, dance, harps, lutes, lyres, etc. flutes trumpets reeds, many percussion instruments

What happened in 600AD then? ● Pope Gregory the great ● Muhammed and the rise of Islam ○ Gregorian chant, 7th-8th c. ○ SALVE REGINA ■ He did not compose but organized + standardized by pope gregory ■ Melodies ranged syllabic to mellismatic ● Harmony, ● texture, (monophonic, 1 melody only) ● Rhythm, (freer, flowing) ● timbre (men, chorus, mid range, echo) ● Beat ● melody ■ Most singers men, nuns too, ■ Sung in churches, monasteries, cathedrals, ■ Rhythms are free but no beat African, Asian, American architecture: 7th-8th centuries ○ Based on slide: clockwise from right: Tunisian mosque, Hindu temple, Mayan pyramid, Mauritanian mosque The music that went with it ○ Ziryab: Iraq, Morrocco, Spain 789-857 ■ Oud player ■ Fashion ■ Bathing ■ Cuisine ■ Songwriter ■ “Blackbird” ■ Harmony ■ texture ■ Rhythm (repeating pattern [see clapping] ■ Timbre (clapping, percussion, oud, ■ Beat ■ Melody Medieval times ○ Knights in shining armor, castles, courtly love ○ Cathedrals, moorish (islamic) rule of spain, crusades ○ Flying buttresses, gothic arches Meanwhile in spain ○ Alcazar; Santiago de Compostela Griots of N+W Africa ca. 1200-1300 CE - music family ○ Oral historians ■

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THUR SEP 5

Medieval continued ● Review, timeline, and preview ○ 600s and 700s CE ■ Gregory organizes liturgy/ gregorian chants; Mohammed and fast expansion of Islam, including Spain and Africa ○ 800s and 900s ■ Ziryab comes to Moorish Spain; Arabic/Islamic chess, algebra, popular music, alchemy adopted by Europeans; modern musical notation technology starts ○ 1000s and 1100s ■ Hildegarde; gothic cathedrals’ polyphony in Notre Dame; the start of high middle ages with city centers, trade, etc ○ 1200s and 1300s ■ More polyphony, Guillaume de machait, griots in NW Africa, troubadours, jongleurs in Europe ● Critical new technology: music notation ○ Staff looks like strings of a lute ○ Enabled more than1 part to sing at once, geographic standardization ○ From 850, gradually ■ More lines were added ■ The rhythm was added in shapes, colors of notes ● Hildegarde von Bingen 1098-1179 ○ Parents were a family of free lower nobility in service of the count of Sponheim ○ Sickly from birth, considered the youngest child of many. She stated that from a very young age she experienced visions ○ Parents offered her to benedictine monastery at the Disibodenberg ○ Abbess, writer, composer, philosopher, Christian mystic, visionary, and polymath. She has been considered by many to be the founder of scientific natural history in Germany ● Polyphony at Notre Dame from 1150 ○ Texture of more than one melody lines ○ Illustrated manuscripts ○ Leonin, Perotin ● Guillaume de Machaut 1300-1377 ○ Secular and sacred ○ Full mass: Messe de Nostre Dame ○ Clever devices for secular music ○ Popular TUE SEP 10 BBC Video Notes ● Drone held a long continuous note ● Female composer - mix of harmonies ● “Squiggle” above word +margin → tune ○ Not indicating how high or low

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Guido - new musical form(lines and blobs) ○ The note goes up, tune goes up, etc. Ligature - bracketing tunes together [Perotin] Before his time, not many heard music outside of the church Muslim-Spain - traces of Arabic origins in music ○ More instruments introduced “Gentle foot-tapping force” - inspiration for Perotin 1400 - harmony took leap forward English composer (D ___) - third (major and minor) Christmas carols derived from folk music 1450- typing/printing press → written out music [Gutenberg] 1500 - music printing tech

THUR SEP 12 The Renaissance Michaelangelo Sistine chapel: room, genesis, ceiling ● Renaissance ○ 1492-1600 ○ Italy ○ cultural, artistic, political and economic “rebirth” following the Middle Ages ● What was happening ○ Spain-- 1492, Columbus, the expulsion of moors, jews, and protestants ○ Italy- - the Medicis, Borgias, Machiavelli, bonfire of vanities ○ “The end justifies the means” Machiavelli ○ France--benefices ○ Germany-- martin luther ○ England-- hnry viii, Elizabeth i, Shakespeare ○ Art: DaVinci, Michaelangelo, etc. ● Impact on art ○ From stylization to realism in painting, sculptures ○ Soaring Gothic arches, squared of palaces and cathedrals with domes ○ Bringing back proportions, realism, and philosophies of greeks and Romans ● Music ○ technology: music printing ○ Vocal polyphony ○ Madrigals- bawdy! Word painting! ○ Dowland ● More secular madrigals ○ Carlo Gesualdo madrigalist, prince, self flagellant, murdered, word painter, ● One more madrigal-like secular vocal piece ○ El Grillo- the cricket ■ Josquin (des prez) 1455-1521 from Flanders

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European sacred music ○ Also used polyphony, word painting

TUE SEP 17 ...continued… ● Ave maria- josquin- motet - sacred vocal polyphony ● El grillo- “ - secular vocal polyphony ● Exultate deo - palestrina - sacred vocal polyphony ● Gesu - como invam - secular vocal polyphony India 1400s: japan temple of Ranakpur ● Hindu - Rajput - 1500 ● persian/islamic/turkish/ Mughal -- 1526

TUE SEP 24 Baroque: Bach and Vivaldi ● Baroque: era 1600-1750 ○ 30-year war - half population Germany + surrounded area eliminated, 8million, protestants vs.catholics ○ Dramatic - elaborate - stark sharp contrasts ● Bach and bandel: ○ Both born in Germany ○ Both from Germany ○ Handel moves to Italy in 1706, London 1712 ○ Each wrote significant instrumental pieces ○ Each known for specific larg vocal genre ○ Bach Lutheran church cantatas; Handel oratorios (Messiah) ● Johann Sebastian bach ○ Organ improv prodigy anf scamp ○ He had _20_children ○ Also known for KEYBOARD pieces ■ Well-tempered clavier for clavichord, harpsichord ■ Organ works ○ Also known for COUNTERPOINT ■ Polyphony ■ Fugues and canons ○ 1 per week for several years at Leipzig ○ Each cantata includes several choir numbers, orchestra, solos ● Cantata: wachet auf (wake up!) ○ Chorale fantasy and unison chorale ○ (#s 1 and 4)

○ Bar form AAB, ritornellos, Vivaldi’s Four Seasons ○ 1678- 1741 Italy ○ Priest, asthma, taugt at orphanage in venice ○ Concerto grosso is an instrumental genre that contrasts small group of instruments against a large group ○ Terraced dynamics ○ Ritornellos are used, like returning refrains, between soloistic episodes of ○ “Birds” “brooks” “thunder” “birds” ○ La primavera- spring 1725 ● Baroque era songs ○ Spring concert grosso vivaldi ○ Wachet auf cantata bach ○ Toccata + fugue by bach ○ Rejoice ○ ● Listening- start min 43 ○ 1. ○ 2. Rejoice ○ 3. THUR SEP 26 ●

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Vocal ranges ○ Soprano ○ Mezzo soprano ○ Alto ○ Contratto ○ Counter tenor ○ Tenor ○ Baritone ○ Bass BAROQUE period, 1600- 1750: China, japan, and Eauropean Baroque ○ Baroque period ended when Bach died Cina in 1600 ○ End of ming dynasty start of qing ■ Silver shipped to china from the americas via philippines, now discouraged by spain ○ Traded silks to japan, also closing ○ The peony Pavilion by Tang Xianzu- first performance in 1598 ○ Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism ○ Courtesan women could be artists ■ “Mandate of heaven” 3 kinds of musical theater ○ Kunju opera in china

○ Kabuki theater in japan ○ Baroque opera in europe ● kunju/kunqu 16th-18th century ○ Revived now too ○ Related to beijing opera, Sichuan opera ○ Most famous: the peony pavilion, the peach blossom fan ○ UNESCO oral and intangible heritage designee ○ Makeup identifies character, personality, men perform all roles ○ Singing very stylized ■ Video ● Timbres- voices higher, half-spoken, chinese violin, qin(zither), flutes, wood block ● Costumes- elaborate, ● Scenery● Movements● Japanese kabuki theater ○ Developed about 1600, by izumo no okuni ○ Kabuki derives from the verb that means to be eccentric ○ Japan entering edo period of peace and prosperity ○ Women performed at first, later shoguns banned as too erotic ○ Makeup also s strongly identifies characters ○ All classes mixed in red light districts ● LISTENING EXAM ○ Gregorian chant - salve regina ○ Ziryab re-imagined ○ Josquin El Grillo ○ Gesualdo Dei Como invan? ○ Dowland Come Again ○ Palestrina Exultate Deo ○ Purcell Dido’s Lament ○ Handel Rejoice greatly ○ Bach Tocatta +Fuge / organ ○ Vivaldi Spring 4 seasons ○ Tang Peony Pavilion ○ Hay___ Trumpet concerto ○ Mozart Green of nigght ,, tbd ○ Chaubariernfnvnfn St Geore’s Symphony TUE OCT 1 Classicism and Son 1750-1810, How did we get here? Continued . Time of resistance resistance= son jarocho La bamba comes from ancient mexico

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Classicism ○ Backlash to the baroque ○ rousseau/Voltaire ‘enlightenment’ ○ Vales of human rights, equality, etc,, over religious zealotry ○ Age of revolution → america, france, haiti, mexico ○ Arts, music: ■ Less ornamentation, more realism ■ Less extremes, more balance ■ Use of classic proportions like “golden mean” ■ More artists of color ■ More independent businessmen ■ More pub76543lic performances New classical era genres European classicism composers ○ Chevalier de St. Georges ○ Franz Joseph Haydn ○ Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart ○ Ludwig van Beethoven What is son? ○ Genre of instrumental music+sung poetry+dances percussion ○ Many places in latin america - Cuba, guatemala ○ Mexico itself has several regional varieties ○ Matured end 18th century ○ Was the “pop” music of its time, incl improvisation and raves called “fandangos”- informed classical ○ Mariachero, jarocho, huasteco, arribeno, etc.. ○ Show movie, bamba rebelde Joseph Boulogne Chevalier de St. Georges ○ 1745-1799 ○ Knight, composer ○ African ethnicity ○ From Guadeloupe to Paris ○ 14 violin concertos ○ 10+ sonatas ○ 6 string quartets ○ 2+ symphonies ○ 6 operas ○ Many songs, etc. Franz Joseph Haydn ○ Papa Haydn, father of the symphony ○ Over 100 symphonies ○ Trumpet concerto Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

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1756-1791 Born Salzburg, Austrian Alps foothill Touring from age 5; >600 works; has to move to vienna to make living > 40 symphonies, piano sonatas, chamber music, operas

THUR OCT 3 Sonata form Exposition: 2-3 contrasting themes (repeats) Development - remix the themes Recapitulation- restates themes

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piece

composer

genre

era

How to recognize

Rejoice greatly

Handel

Oratorio

Baroque

Wachet auf

Bach

Cantata

Baroque

Chair sings wachet auf

Ziryab

ziryab

Oud

Medieval

Clapping

Salve regina

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Gregorian chant

Medieval

Male choir, single melody echo

Deh como invan

Carlo gesualo

Madrigal

Renaissance

Sounds twisted

El grillo

Josquin

Come again

Dowland

Queen of the night

Mozart

TUE OCT 8 Online quiz Review ● 1600 ○ Peony pavilion ○ Kabaki ○ Opera ● 1750 ○ JS Bach dies ○ Baroque ends ● 1750-1810 ○ Classical era ■ Revolutionary

Renaissance Madrigal

Renaissance

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■ Human rights ■ Symmetry +balance became an ideal as opposed to ___ Bach wrote over 200+ cantatas Haydn wrote over 100 symphonies Vivaldi - composer who was cath priest, ended up writing concerto Joseph B [Chevalier] -Composer +great sword fighter Jessye Norman - opera diva, sang Dido’s lament Wolfgang amadeus mozart Gesualdo ? -Wrote oratorios + first musical entrepreneurs [public concerts] Coloratura ???? Ornaments, embellishments, Concerto grosso: baroque genre that has full set of instruments instantly cuts to single/couple instruments back and forth /// stark contrasts of instruments _______ Performing forces for symphony: orchestra Sonata form ○ Exposition: theme 1, theme 2, theme 3 ○ Development: creates __ jumping melody Fugue-being chased ○ Polyphonic genre, one oafter the other ○ Counterpoint What is the purpose of opera characteristics?

TUE OCT 15 Beethoven Cont. ● Beethoven’s 3 periods ○ Born in 1770, mom possibly Moorish from Belgium ○ Early period: studies with Haydn 1790s Vienna ○ Heroic (middle) period ■ Moonlight sonata, 1801 ■ Heiligenstadt testament, 1802 ■ 3rd symphony, 1803 ■ Kreutzer sonata, 1804 ■ 5th symphony, 1808 ■ Fur elise piano bagatelle,1810 ■ 7th symphony, 1812 ● 2nd movement ● KNowing, King's speech, zardoz, oldman ● Late period ○ Op. 130 string qurtet/ Oldman ○ 9th symphony “Ode to Joy” 1824 ■ Here is a kiss for the entire world ■ Written entirely deaf ■ Berlin wall ● Ludwig Van Beethoven 1770- 71827

THUR OCT 17 The Beethoven Problem -- Isn’t it romantic? ● Romanticism ○ Lady of Shalott by Waterhouse, 1888 ○ Different ideas as to when “it started” ○ Backlash against Age of Reason and Industrialization ○ Nature, supernatural, mystic, extremes of experience, magic, the gothic ○ Music: organic formal structures, program anc character pieces, virtuosity ● The beethoven problem ○ How do you follow after Beethoven and Bach ○ Berlioz b. 1803 - symphony fantastique ● Romantic arts: Over the top ○ Painters, like Goya, DElacroix, constable, Hudson RIverSchool, Turner ○ Poets like lord byron, emerson, shelley, blake,poe, goethe ○ Novelists like Brontes, george sand, flaubert, mary shelley, hawthorne, thomas hardy ● Supernatural and gothic ○ Carl maria von Weber - deal with devil and will o’ wisps in Der Freischutz 1821 ○ Donizetti - love potion in L’elisir d’amore “Caro elisir”1832 ○ Schubert- “erlkönig” (elf king) lied (song) 1815 ○ Schubert - unfinished symphony GENRE

BACKLASH

BAROQUE

ABSOLUTE RULERS ELABORATE - STARK CONTRASTS EXTREME DISPARITIES OF WEALTH

CLASSICAL

“RISE OF THE MIDDLE” SELF-RULE “RIGHTS OF H..”4 BALANCE AND SYMMETRY “ABSOLUTE MUSIC”

ROMANTIC

POVERTY NOT BEEN SOLVED ABSOLUTE RULERS STILL INPLACE IMBALANCE → MAGIC +SUPERNATURAL, CONCEPTUALISM, TRANSCENDENTAL, OPIUM, NATURE, EXTREME OF EMOTION +EXPERIENCE

TUE OCT 22 Born Romantic Soap opera scavenger hunt Chopin

Lizst

Schumann

Clara Schumann Wieck

Born

1810

1811 ?

1810

1819

Partner

George Sand (b. 1803-’04)

Marie d'Agoult (daughter Cosima Lizst)

Clara: 8 kids

Schumann Who helped her raise 8 kids?

Politics

Poland, Paris

Hungary, takes Holy Orders (low level)

German , music journalist , honor Beethoven's memory

Believes in women musicians

Health

Tuberculosis (consumption), cholera plague in paris

Great health

Torches his hands, attempts suicide, die syoung in asylum

Long life - related to doing music

Personality

Sensitive, introvert

Extroverted, loves limelight and concerts, matinee-idol, helpful

Supportive of wife

Music very important to her

Music

Composer, pianist, improviser,most music written for piano Revolutionary Etude

virtuoso pianist, invents recital and play by memory, composer for all kinds of other music esp. Orchestra

Pianist, great composer, Piece about Clara:

Concert pianist

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Born romantic: soap opera cast of characters ○ George sand 1804 ○ Fanny mendelssohn hensel 1805 ○ Felix mendelssohn 1809 ○ Chopin, robert schumann 1810 ○ Lizst 1822 ○ Verdi, wagner 1813 ○ Clara wieck 1819 ○ Hans von bulow 1830- marries Cosima ○ Johannes branhms

Traumerei

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○ Cosima lizst 1837 - who did she marry after dumping HVB Movies ○ Lisztomania by ken russell ○ Impromptu (Chopin) 1991 ○ Chopin: desire for love 2002

THUR OCT 24 Born romantic pt 2 ● Soap operas couldn't make this up ○ Epidemics, mental illness, misogyny, persecution, migration, etc ○ Be more encouraged since we too i must overcome a lot to be here ○ Operas filled with magic and more ● Chopin and George Sand,resisters ○ Revolutionary Etude ● Lizst, Marie D’Agoult,daughter Cosima ○ Virtuosity, Liebersetraum from Lisztomania ○ Who will Cosima marry? ● Robert Schumann, Clara Wieck ○ Can women compose? ○ Who will take care of 8 kids? BRAHMS ● Today in class ○ Lookat 4 themes ■ Anti Semitism, unrequited love, women composer, Beethoven problem ○ Robert’s chiarina (about clara) ○ Clara’s piano trio ○ Brahms Lullaby; 3rd of the 3 Bs (bach - baroque, beethoven- classic, brahms- romantic) ● What themes are we looking for? ○ The wagners(richard and cosima) ■ Richard - most based on norse mythology - i.e. Valkyrie ○ Felix and fanny mendelssohn (Hensel) - jewish, converted to Christianit to be considered a member of European art world ■ Fanny Mendelssohn-Hensel ■ There be one of Beauty’s Daughters TUE OCT 29 Creepy clowns at the opera Nationalism Impressionism - Debussy Exoticism Cultural appropriation - take elements from another culture and use them and don't give credit to origins or profiting | use in way that demeans ● Indonesia ○ 4th largest nation, islamic w/ islands

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○ Java, bali sulawesi 1889 Expo Paris Eiffel Tower Debussy ○ 1862-1918 ○ 1889 paris world fair hears GAMELAN! ○ Impressionistic” music like painters Monet, Van Gogh ○ Estampes: Pagodes on list for exam Fascination with folk music = nationalism ○ Peter Tchalkovsky (1840-93)in Russia ○ Nutcracker suite p. 234-237 ○ Dance of the sugar plum fairy ○ Trepak ○ “Golden boy of russia”

THUR OCT 31 Halloween Edition: Italian Opera ● 1800s - late ○ Pagliccia ● TUE NOV 5 The Dvorak Case ● Nez Perce ● Beginnings ○ Rinsgs shout ● New orleans ○ Congo square ○ Funeral parades ■ Big 4 rhythm ■ Front line of horns mutual improvisation ■ Louis armstrong, king oliver, jelly roll morton ● Jazz in the TUE NOV 12 JAzz Continued ● Modal, cool, west coast: journalize ○ Late 50s ○ Mofal chords mive up or down one step ○ MILES, HEROIN, BEBOP, MODAL FUSION ■ Miles davis ‘so what” with john coltrane, bill evans ■ John coltrane ○ West coast

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■ Dave brubeck Mildes davis paintings… “Free” jazz, avant-garde 60s ○ John coltrane ○ Ornette coleman ○ Pharoah sanders ○ Cecil taylor ○ Sun ra ○ Journalize: what were the instruments? The artists? The FUSION 70S journalize and talk in 3s ○ Alice coltrane ○ John mclaughlin ○ Zakir hussein, indian improv, and bols ○ Miles davis ○ What the grateful dead said ○ Chick coera (w/ iles and mclaughlin on bitches brew) ○ Herbie hancock ○ Stevie wonder ○ Journalize: what were the

THUR NOV 14 ● General trends in classical ○ Catching the wave of the rise of jazz and popular music ○ Ca...