Music Appreciation test 2 PDF

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Summary

Detailed notes from my music appreciation class. I made a 98 overall in the class. ...

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Music Test 2 

The Baroque suite o Baroque suite: a group of short dances, usually in the same key, performed by instruments (NOT FOR ACTUAL DANCING) o Cast array of contrasting moods  Allemande, courante  Minuet, gavotte, bourree o Each dance binary or ternary form o For solo instruments (chamber ensembles, or orchestras)

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Sounding Spring: Vivaldi and the Baroque Concerto o Instrumental music capable of creating meaning through patterns of sound o Composers often called upon written language to help explore the possibilities of what music could mean o Program music: instrumental music endowed with literary up pictorial associations

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The Baroque Concerto o Concerto: a genre that features either a solo instrument or a small group of soloists set against a larger ensemble o Ritornello form: a structure based on alterations bw orchestral refrains and virtuosic outbursts by the soloists

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Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741) o Music master as Conservatorio dell’Ospedale della peita  Important music school for orphaned girls

o Prolific composer  Over 500 concertos  Also chamber music, operas, cantatas, other sacred works o Program Music: instrumental music that’s depicting a certain image – telling a story 

Process as Meaning: Bach and the Figure o Instrumental music often includes a component of improvisation o Key board instruments in Baroque  Organ and harpsichord

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Fugue Terms o Fugue: a contrapuntal (polyphonic) composition where one theme is repeated over and over, name of theme is SUBJECT o **Subject: the main theme of a fugue o Countersubject: a different theme heard against the subject o **Episodes: interlude that serves as an area of relaxation bw statements of the subject o Augmentation: a subject presented in longer time values o diminution a subject presented in shorter time values o Retrograde: the pitches of the subject are stated backwards o Inversion: the subject is turned upside down (moves by the same intervals but in the opposite direction o Stretto: overlapping statements of the subject

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People tired of busy sounding music when classical period starts

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Contrapunctus I, from The Art of the Fugue **potential listening question

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o Art of fugue collection of 14 fugues and four canons o Composer: Bach o Instrument: organ o Fugue from Baroque period 

Look at baroque and classical etc. time period dates

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Music as Order and Logic o Classical era in music 1750-1825 o Late 1700s classical ideals strong in Europe  The roots of western culture are in the values of order and reason expressed by ancient greeks and romans laid to foundation for European identity o The enlightenment  Philosophical and intellectual movement that stressed the centrality of reason in human experience  Art and music reflect the social push toward order and reason  Clarity and regularity of structure

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Classicism and enlightenment culture – READ BOOK o Aristocratic sovereigns strong o New economic power growing: the industrial revolution o New social structure will rise of middle class

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Classicism in Music o Vienesse school  Joseph Haydn  Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart  Ludwig can Beethoven

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o An age of great musical experimentation and discovery  Explore possibilities of major/minor system o Bold and ceaseless experimentation  leads into romantic period 

Elements of classical style o Melody:  Elegant and lyrical  Symmetrical four bar phrases  Clear cadences o Harmony  Clear, diatonic harmonies  Reinforce melodic symmetry o Rhythm and meter  Basic meters o Form  Well defined o Folk and Popular Influences

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The patronage System o 18th century thrived under patronage or sponsorship o aristocracy supports the arts financially o economic security, functional social framework

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opportunities for women o aristocratic women continued to study music o women finding new opening in music  pro opera singers  music teachers

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o Maria Anna “Nannerl” Mozart o Maria Theresia con Paradis  Composer, pianist 

From Palace to concert hall o Musical performances were beginning form aristocratic courts to public concert halls o Clarity and simplicity of the Classical style made in increasingly accessible to amateurs o Music as communication – prob not on test

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Expanding musical ideas o Theme: a musical idea that is used as a building block in the construction of a composition o Thematic development: varying a theme’s melodic outline rhythm or harmony o Motive: time piece of melody (the smallest melodic or rhythmic unit of a theme)

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Classical Forms o Form: structure and design in music: based on repletion, contrast, variation o Absolute music: music that has no literary, dramatic, or pictorial program o Multimovement cycle: 3 or 4 movement structure in instrumental music, each movement is prescribed tempo and form  Symphonies  Sonatas  Concertos

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The Second Movement – in the classical era o Theme and variation: compositional procedure in which a theme is stated and then altered in successive statements; occurs as an independent piece or movement

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Chamber Music o Chamber music: music for a small ensemble, about 2-10 musicians, one player to a part  ***String Quartet – 2 violins, voila, cello  Duo Sonata – violin (or cello) and piano  Piano Trio – violin, cello, piano  Quintet – a combo of string or wind instruments

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Haydn’s Emperor Quartet o Haydn  One of the most prolific composers of the Classical period  born in small Australian village  Choirboy at St. Stephen’s in Vienna  Esterhazy’s patronage began 1761  Lasted nearly 30 years  Traveled to England after prince’s death  Entire career in patronage system

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Symphonies o Symphony – a genre designed to demonstrate the expressive capabilities of a full orchestra, generally in four movements

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o Began as Italian opera overtures o The classical orchestra  Four instrumental families 

Divertimento: a classical instrumental genre for chamber ensemble or soloist, often performed as light entertainment

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Serenade: a classical instrumental …

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Exposition  Development  Recapitulation

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Mozart – tried to support himself with music and couldn’t

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Minuet and Trio o In 4 movement works (symphony, string quartet) o Minuet originally a Baroque court dance o Easy to hear the a and b and a again

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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1756-1791 o Born in Salzburg, Austria o Child prodigy o Rebelled against social restrictions o Struggling musician bc people were not buying tickets

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Classical Concerto o 3 movements  fast slow fast o expand the ideal of musical conversation to include a charismatic leader o soloist as “heroic figure”

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Mozart Opera o Opera seria o comic opera

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o Opera supposed to be fun entertainment 

Mozart died young, only 35

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On deathbed was working on a Requiem (funeral) Mass

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Myths abound about this coincidence

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Mozart’s Requiem: listening example o He died before finishing his last large-scale composition; his student finished it (Sussmayr)

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Dies Irae movement was completed by Mozart

Beethoven  The Sonata in the Classical Era o Instrumental work for one or two instruments o 3 or 4 movements o domestic and concert performance o Beethoven wrote 32 piano sonatas  Beethoven’s moonlight sonata o Very popular  Beethoven’s Pathetique – sonata No.8 o Standard form of a sonata movement w a few twists

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