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Chapter 4 1. The symbol that raises a tone by a half step is a sharp 2. The symbol that lowers a tone by a half step is a flat 3. Music clearly in major or minor key is said to be diatonic 4. Music that utilizes the full gamut of the twelve half steps is said to chromatic 5. A five-note scale used in African, Asian, Native American music called Pentatonic 6. Intervals smaller than half step are called microtone 7. The chief active chord built on the fifth scale step (V) is called the dominant 8. Another active chord built on fourth scale step (IV), is called the subdominant 9. The chord built on first scale step (I), giving a point of rest is called the tonic Chapter 5 10. A texture in which there is only a single-voiced unaccompanied line is called monophony . 11. A texture that consists two or more melodic lines of equal importance is called polyphony 12. A texture in which a single prominent melody is accompanied by blocks of harmony is called homophony 13. A work's structure or shape is referred to as its form Chapter 6 14. Songs in which all verses or stanzas of the text are sung to the same music is known as form strophic form 15. Two-part form (A-B) with a statement and departure is called binary 16. Three-part (A-B-A) with a statement, departure, and return is called ternary 17. The main melodic idea of a piece is called a theme Chapter 7 18. The rate of speed or pace of music is referred to as tempo 19. Volume, or how loud or soft the music is played is indicated by dynamics (crescendo= get louder; decrescendo=get quieter) We use Italian terms to describe musical tempo: What do these common tempos mean? 20. allegro fast 21. moderato moderate 22. adagio slow 24. ritardando slowing down 25. The Italian term forte means loud 26. The Italian term Piano mean soft. 27. To rob time ( slow down and backup) is rubato Chapter 11 28. Music for religious functions is called sacred 29. Music for non religious activities is called secular 30. The specific type group (e.g., orchestra, chorus) that performs a piece is known as medium 31. The individual treatment of the basic musical elements make up musical style Soprano, mezzo soprano, alto, tenor, baritone, bass (highest to lowest) 1. The music of the early Christian church, featuring monophonic, nonmetric melodies is called Gregorian chant 2. When each syllable of a Gregorian chant gets one note it is said to be melodramatic 3. When each syllable of a Gregorian chant receives a few notes (4 or 5) it is said to be

neumatic 4. When each syllable of a Gregorian chant gets many notes it is said to be melismatic 5. Early chant was handed down through oral tradition and later was notated on a four line staff with square notes called neumes 6. The type of scales used in Gregorian chant that precede major and minor scales are called modes 7. Gregorian chants were sung in what language? Latin 8. Who was the daughter of a noble couple and given to the church as a tithe and became one of the most influential persons of the Medieval era? Hildegard of Bingen 9. The earliest form of polyphony was known as organum 10. The early Medieval motet, from the French word for “word,” arose when texts were added to the upper voice of this early polyphony. Chapter 13 11. Wandering actors, singers, musicians and all around versatile performers who were not part of the court but traveled from town to town were known as minstrels 12. French poet-musicians and often members of the aristocracy and royalty who wrote songs pertaining to chivalry, unrequited love, political and war songs and the crusades and usually performed at court were known as troubadours and trouveres. 13. The French poet-musician’s German counterpart were known as minnisengers 14. An early type of polyphony in which each voice enters with the same melody in succession is known as a round 15. The new musical style that occurred in the early 14th century first in France and then in Italy displaying significant developments in rhythm, meter, counterpoint and notation was known as the ars nova Chapter 14 16. Renaissance Style is known as the Golden age of a cappella style 17. Renaissance harmony has fuller chords by the addition of thirds and sixths 18. A popular sacred work for three or more voices, often based on a cantus firmus composed for the mass and other religious services was the motet 19. In Renaissance style we begin to see duple meter. 20. The Protestant revolt led by Martin Luther and his Ninety-Five Theses in 1517 is known as reformation 21. The Catholic church’s response to Luther’s revolt is known as the counter reformation 22. Concerns of embellishments to Gregorian chant, to certain instruments in church, use of popular songs in Masses, secular spirit in sacred music, irreverent attitude of church musicians and complex polyphony obscuring the text led to the Catholic church’s formation of the Council of Trent Chapter 15 23. A favored genre at French courts throughout 16th century with three or four voices, courtly love, freer poetic structures Josquin: preeminent composer is the chanson 24. A favored secular vocal composition for three to eight voices, flourished at Italian courts, short poems: lyric or reflective character, music enhanced poetry, word painting: music depicts emotional words weeping, sighing, trembling, etc., instruments double or substitute voices was the Italian Madrigal

25. The secular genre that flourished during the Elizabethan era (1558–1603), less serious, lighter texts was known as the English Madrigal 26. Name a genre of music that developed in the 16th century other than vocal music. instrumental dance music Chapter 16 1. The most important new genre of the Baroque era was a large- scale music drama that combines poetry, acting, scenery, and costumes with singing and instrumental music called Opera 2. The principal components of this genre include the orchestral overture 3. Lyrical songs in this genre are called solo Da capo aria 4. Speechlike declamations of the text that moves plot and action of opera forward is called recitative 5. The person who writes the text or scripts of the opera is called a librettist 6. The early Baroque master Claudio Monteverdi wrote operas based on Mythology and roman history 7. Since stage plays were forbidden, in England the leading genre that combined vocal and instrumental music with poetry and dance was the masque Chapter 17 The Baroque Cantata and Oratorio 8. J. S. Bach wrote these multi–movement works mostly for the Lutheran church service with solo arias, recitatives, and choruses, all with orchestral accompaniment: cantata 9. These Lutheran works are generally unified by a choral, or hymn tune, sung in four- part harmony. 10. Later in life, G. F. Handel wrote these large- scale dramatic works with a sacred text, in English, performed by solo voices, chorus, and orchestra; it is not staged or costumed: oratorio Chapter 18 Baroque Instruments and the Suite 11. In the Baroque era, instruments were improved and featured in several large-scale genres, including a collection of dances called a suite 12. The French love for dance and spectacular staged entertainments contributed to the development of the orchestra. 13. Jean-Joseph Mouret's ensemble suites were probably meant for outdoor festivals at the French Royal Court. Chapter 19 The Baroque Concerto 14. During the Baroque: a work with one instrument set against the orchestra was called the solo concerto 15. The work with a small group of soloists set against an orchestra was called the Concerto Grosso 16. Antonio Vivaldi, a virtuoso violinist, composed The Four Seasons, a well-known set of solo violin concertos representing what type of music? Solo concerto 17. J. S. Bach's 6 Brandenburg Concertos are excellent examples of the Concerto Grosso Chapter 22 Classical Chamber Music 1. The Classical era is the golden age of chamber music_ music (ensemble music for two to about ten performers, with one player per part). 2. While duos, trios, quintets, serenades, and divertimentos were popular, the string quartet (made up of 2 violins, viola, and cello) was the most important chamber music genre of the era.

3. Haydn's Emperor Quartet has a famous set of variations on a hymn he wrote for the Austrian emperor. 4. The common string quartet structure includes how many movements? 4 5. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was a child prodigy who started to write music before the age of five. 6. One of Mozart's best-known works is Eine kleine Nacht-musik (A Little Night Music), which is a serenade for string. Chapter 23 The Classical Symphony 1. The principal large instrumental form of the Classical era was the symphony 2. The heart of the Classical orchestra (about thirty to forty players) was the strings, assisted by woodwinds, brass, and percussion. 3. How many movements are in the standard Classical Symphony? 4 4. Joseph Haydn wrote over 100 symphonies; among these, his last twelve—the socalled Londo symphonies, including the Military Symphony (No. 100)—are his masterpieces in the genre. 5. Ludwig van Beethoven's music straddles the Classical and Romantic eras. Of his nine monumental symphonies intended for the concert hall, best known is his 5th, built on a famous four-note motive that permeates all four movements. Chapter 24 The Classical Concerto 6. How many movements are in the Classical Concerto? 3 7. A notable example of the classical concerto genre is virtuosic improvised solo passages called Cadenza 8. The longest and most complex movement, combining elements of Baroque ritornello procedure and sonata- allegro form is the First Chapter 26 Classical Choral Music and Opera 9. The Mass, Requiem Mass, and oratorio were the dominant choral forms of the Classical era. 10. Mozart wrote a Mass for the Dead that is one of the masterworks of the Classical era. This type of work is known as requiem Mass. 11. Haydn wrote two sacred choral works, including The Creation, based on the book of Genesis and on John Milton's Paradise Lost. These works are known oratorio 12. In the Classical era, two types of Italian opera prevailed:opera butta (comic opera) and seria (serious opera). 13. In opera, each aria allows for emotional expression, while recitative moves the action forward. Study Guide Chapter 27 1. The Romantic song structure or form, in which the same melody is repeated with every stanza in known as strophic 2. The romantic song structure or form in which the music proceeds from beginning to end with no repetitions of large sections in known as through composed 3. The German art song for solo voice and piano was a favored Romantic genre known as leid 4. Composers unified a group of songs by poem or theme. These are called song cycles 5. Favorite poets whose works were set to music by composers of German art songs include Goethe and Heine 6. What German composer created over six hundred lieder and several famous song cycles?

Schubert 7. What song, based on a German legend and set in a dramatic poem by Goethe is one of Schubert’s most famous works? Erlking 8. Many of Robert Schumann’s song's were inspired by whom? Clara Wieck Chapter 28 9. Technical improvements to the nineteenth- century piano led to the development of the modern concert Grand piano. 10. What composer dedicated his entire compositional output to the piano and is said to have originated the modern piano style? Frederic Chopin Chapter 29 11. Music publications in early America were largely devotional, some written in what system designed for easy reading? Devotion Chapter 30 12. Many Romantic composers cultivated instrumental music with a literary or pictorial association supplied by the composer called program music. 13. Music with no literary or pictorial association is called absolute music. 14. Hector Berlioz's Symphonie fantastique is a five-movement symphony unified by a recurring theme called an idee fixe that represents his beloved Chapter 31 15. Composers continued writing absolute music throughout the nineteenth century, including the symphony, concerto, and chamber music 16. Romantic symphonies were characterized by lyrical themes, colorful harmonies, expanded proportions, and larger orchestras featuring new instruments 17. The first movement of a symphony usually remains in sonata-allegro form, and the third is most often a spirited scherzo 18. Johannes Brahms continued the Classical traditions of the Viennese masters in his four symphonies. His third Symphony is Classical in structure but Romantic in tone. 19. Romantic concertos preserve the Classical three-movement structure but use these forms more freely, allowing for brilliant virtuoso display by the soloist, as in Felix Mendelssohn's violin Concerto in E minor. Chapter 32 20. Romantic opera developed distinct national styles in Italy, Germany, and France. 21. Both opera seria (serious opera) and opera buffa (comic opera) were favored in Italy; they marked the peak of the bell canto (beautiful singing) style. 22. Giuseppe Verdi is best known for his operas, which embody the spirit of Romantic drama and passion. His Rigoletto, based on a play by Victor Hugo is one of the most performed works today. 23. In Germany, what genre consisting of light, comic drama with spoken dialogue, gave way to more serious works, including Richard Wagner's music drama, which integrated all elements of opera? Singspiel 24. Wagner's music dramas are not sectional (in arias, ensembles, and the like) but are continuous, unified by leitmotifs, or recurring themes, that represent a person, place, or idea. His most famous work is his four-opera cycle, The Ring of the Nibelung.

25. The opera Carmen, by French composer Georges Bizet, exemplifies a trend toward excotism by romanticizing Gypsy culture in Spain Chapter 34 1. The style of music that is characterized by modal and exotic scales (chromatic, whole tone, and pentatonic), unresolved dissonances, parallel chords, rich orchestral color, and free rhythm, all generally cast in small-scale programmatic forms is called impressionism 2. The most important French Impressionist composer was Claude Debussy. His orchestral work, Prelude to “The Afternoon of a Faun,” was inspired by a Symbolist poem. 3. Debussy and Maurice Ravel were highly influenced by new sounds of nonWestern and traditional music styles heard at the Paris World Exhibition of 1889. Chapter 36 4. The style of Igor Stravinsky's early works, including his ballets The Firebird, Petrushka, and The Rite of Spring, is strongly nationalistic; the last of these re-creates rites of ancient Russia. 5. Arnold Schoenberg, along with his students Alban Berg and Anton Webern, comprise the Second Vietnamese School. 6. Arnold Schoenberg was highly influential in German expressionism : his song cycle Pierrot lunaire represents this period. 7. Schoenberg also experimented with abandoning the tonal system, creating a twelve-tone, or serial, method that revolutionized twentieth-century composition. 8. Alban Berg's music is rooted in the post-romantic tradition, but he also drew on the twelvetone system devised by his teacher, Schoenberg. 9. Berg's most famous work Wozzeck, is an opera based on the Expressionist play about a disturbed man who moves between reality and hallucination. Chapter 37 10. Hungarian composer Bela Bartok collected traditional songs and dances from his native land and incorporated elements from them into his compositions. 11. German composer Carl Orff set racy medieval lyrics of wandering monks in his well-known cantata Carmina burana. The most famous section is the stirring opening and closing chorus that evokes Fortuna, the goddess of luck. Chapter 39 12. What American composer used the early American song Simple Gifts in his famous ballet Appalachian Spring, commissioned by the great choreographer/dancer Martha Graham.? Aaron Copland Chapter 40 13. What composer is known as the “King of Ragtime.”? Scott Joplin 14. What American genre of folk music is based on a repetitive, poetic-musical form with threeline strophes set to a repeating harmonic pattern? blues. 15. What trumpet player was associated with New Orleans-style jazz, characterized by a small ensemble improvising simultaneously? Louis Armstrong 16. The 1930s saw the advent of what era that is sometimes referred to as the big band era and distinguished by the brilliantly composed jazz of Duke Ellington? Swing Era Chapters 44 17. What American composer used the voice as a virtuosic instrument setting texts by the Spanish poet Federico García Lorca in his four books of madrigals? George Crumb

Chapters 45 18. What composer invented the prepared piano to simulate the sound of the Javanese gamelan? John Cage. 19. In what country is the gamelan (an ensemble of metallic percussion instruments) played in? Indonisia 20. What Chinese- American composer merges Eastern and Western sound material and concepts? Bright Shen 21. Traditional Chinese music is often performed on the a two- string fiddle called the erhu Chapter 43 1. In the 1950s one of the most significant phenomena in twentieth- century music history was the rise of rock and roll 2. First heard live in the United States in 1964, this band was highly influential because of their expressive experiments in various musical styles (including non Western ones) The Beetles 3. California groups contributed to the expressiveness of rock, particularly to the emergence of folk rock. 4. Music videos and MTV were important media for the dissemination of rock in the 1980s; other developments led to the emergence of rap....