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NANOTECHNOLOGY • HISTORY OF NANOTECHNOLOGY ➢ 1959 ✓ RICHARD FEYNMAN (1918-1988) – an American Physicist discussed, “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” (American Physical Society meeting at the California Institute of Technology [CalTech] on December 29,1959) - Considered to be the Father of Nanotechnology ➢ 1960 ✓ MOHAMED ATALLA AND DAWON KAHNG – fabricated the first MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor) with a gate oxide thickness of 100nm, along with a gate length of 20μm. ✓ MOSFET – used in digital and electronic circuits ➢ 1974 ✓ PROF. NORIO TANIGUCHI (1912-1999) – a Japanese scientist of Tokyo University of Science coined the term "nanotechnology” to describe semiconductor processes such as film deposition and ion beam milling exhibiting characteristic control on the order of a nanometer ➢ 1981s ✓ The invention of SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE, an instrument used for imaging surfaces at the atomic level; t can see individual atoms. It was invented by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer at IBM Zurich (Nobel Prize in Physics). ➢ 1985 ✓ The discovery of FULLERENES, an allotrope of carbon whose molecule consists of carbon atoms connected by single and double bonds so as to form a closed or partially closed mesh, with fused rings of five to seven atoms. ➢ 1986 ✓ Publication of the BOOK ENGINES OF CREATION: THE COMING ERA OF NANOTECHNOLOGY by Eric Dexler.

➢ 1991 ✓ The discovery of CARBON NANOTUBES by Sumio Lijima ➢ 2006 ✓ The discovery of 3NM MOSFET – the worlds’ smallest nanoelectronic device was created by Korean Researchers from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology and the National Nano Fab Center.

• EARLY USES OF NANOMATERIALS -

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In Mesopotamia, nanoparticles were used for creating a glittering effect on the surface of pots. In modern times, pottery from the middle Ages and Renaissance often retains a distinct gold- or copper-colored metallic glitter. In Rome, Lycurgus cup is made of a glass that changes colour when light gleamed through it. In pre-columbian Mayan City of Chichen Itza, a corrosion resistant azure pigment known as “Maya Blue” contains nanopores to create an environmentally stable pigment. In Middle East, Damascus steel swords contain oriented nanoscale wire-and-tube-like structures

NANOTECHNOLOGY

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Nano refers to a unit meaning one billionth or ten raised to negative nine. Nanotechnology refers to the manipulation of matter on an atomic or subatomic scale. Mainly consists of the processing of separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials by one atom and one molecule The engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. It is a Hybrid Science combining Engineering, Chemistry and to a certain extent Biology.

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It deals with the creation of functional materials, devices, systems through control of matter or nanoscale. - It placed the footprints in the field of energy, medicine, electronics, computing, security and materials. ➢ NANOSCIENCE – the study of phenomena and manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales, where properties differ significantly from those at a larger scale. ➢ NANOMANUFACTURING – refers to scaled-up, reliable and cost-effective manufacturing of nanoscale materials. Structures, devices, and systems, it also involves research, improvement, and incorporation of processes for the construction of materials ➢ Nanotechnologies are the design, characterization, production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at nanometer scale.

• FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS IN NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY -

It’s hard to imagine just how small nanotechnology is. One nanometer is a billionth of a meter, or 10-9 of a meter. Here are a few illustrative examples: a. There are 25,400,000 nanometers in an inch b. A sheet of newspaper is about 100,000 nanometers thick c. On a comparative scale, if a marble were a nanometer, then one meter would be the size of the Earth.

• DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO NANOMANUFACTURING. 1. TOP-DOWN - Etching a block of material down to the desired shape - Chips and processors - Mono-scale level

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Process of developing products from whole pieces of material 2. BOTTOM-UP - Building materials atom by atom - like lego - Process of building products from molecular components - Nanoparticles such as C60, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots

• NANOTECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES ➢ THE PHILIPPINES 5-YEAR NANOTECHNOLOGY ROADMAP 1. Nano-based Technology materials 2. Nano-sensors and Nano-diagnostics 3. Nano-sensors and Nano non-diagnostics 4. Nanostructure Solar Energy Devices and Storage

• APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 1. Catalysts - Envirox™ cerium oxide 2. Nanoremediation - SAMMS technology to remove mercury 3. Paper - photographic paper 4. Filters - Nanofibers 5. Toothpaste to remineralise teeth 6. Food 7. Packaging 8. Paint 9. improved adhesion and anti-fungal qualities/anti-graffiti 10. Clothes 11. non-staining and anti-radiation 12. Batteries 13. (Black & Decker) phosphate nanocrystal technology 14. Cleaning products

• APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN FOOD INDUSTRY A. FOOD PROCESSING 1. ANTICAKING AGENT - Improve consistency and prevent lump formation 2. NANO ADDITIVES AND NUTRACEUTICALS - Improve nutritional value of food 3. GELATING AGENT - To improve of food texture 4. NANO CAPSULATION & NANOCARRIERS - To protect aroma, flavor and other ingredients in food B. FOOD PACKAGING 1. IMPROVED PACKAGING - Use of nanoparticles to improve physical performance of food 2. ACTIVE PACKAGING - Nanoparticles as antimicrobial agent 3. SMART PACKAGING - Nano-biosensors for pathogen detection •

APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN ENVIRONMENT A. BENEFITS - Improved detection and removal of contaminants - Development of benign industrial processes and materials B. CONCERNS - High reactivity and toxicity - Pervasive distribution in the environment - No nano-specific EPA regulation

• APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MEDICINE/HEALTH A. BENEFITS - Improved medicine B. CONCERNS - Ability to cross cell membranes and translocate in the body - No FDA approval needed for cosmetics or supplements

• APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN ECONOMY A. BENEFITS - Better products - New jobs B. CONCERNS - Redistribution of wealth - Potential cost of clean ups and health care - Accessibility to all income levels

• CHALLENGES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY -

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With advanced electronics and communication fear to privacy With bio-nanotechnology fear of biological weapons Environmental problems, waste of nano-industries will not be easy to decompose Genetic engineered crop requires strong pesticides and insecticides With advancement in medical death rate will reduce it means increased population and then there will be shortage of food ADVANTAGES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 1. Protect drugs from being degraded in the body before they reach their target 2. Enhances the absorption of drugs into tumors and into the cancerous cells themselves.

3. Allows for better control over the timing and distribution of drugs to the tissue, making it easier for oncologists to assess how well they work. 4. Prevent drugs from interacting with normal cells, thus avoiding side effects. •

DISADVANTAGES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 1. Adverse health effects in humans from deliberate or accidental exposure 2. Adverse effects on the environment from deliberate or accidental exposure 3. Potentially explosive properties of nanostructures 4. Very difficult to detect without sophisticated equipment 5. Difficult to predict how particles will behave in the environment (dispersed/clumped) 6. Small size may result in particles passing into the body more easily (inhalation, ingestion, absorption) 7. May be more reactive due to surface area to volume ratio 8. Potential to adsorb toxic chemicals 9. Persistence - Longevity of particles in the environment and body are unknown...