Note 3 - study guide PDF

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Demography - the scientific study of population characteristics

demography - the statistical study of human population

density - measure of the number or quantity of anything within a defined unit of area

dependency ratio - simple measure of the number of economic dependents, old or young, that each 100 people in the productive years must support

Dependency Ratio - The number of people under the age of 15 and over age 64 (non-working), compared to the number of people active in the labor force.

Dependency theory - Theory that exemplifies the structuralist perspective, arguing that the political and economic relations among countries limit the ability of less-developed countries to modernize and develop.

desertification - extension of desertlike landscapes as a result of overgrazing, destruction of the forests, or other human-induced changes, usually in semiarid regions

Development - Process of improving the material condition of people through the growth and diffusion of technology and knowledge.

Development gap - Widening difference between development levels in more-developed and lessdeveloped countries.

devolution - The process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government.

devolution - the transfer of certain powers from the state central government to separate political subdivisions within the state's territory

dialect - local or regional characteristics of a language

dialect - recognizable speech variants

diffusion - process by which an idea or innovation is transmitted from one individual or to another across space

Diffusion - the spread of a culture element or some other phenomena

diffusion barrier - any conditions that hinder either the flow of information or the movement of people and thus prevent the acceptance of an innovation

Disease Diffusion - There are two types, contagious and hierarchical. Hierarchical is along high density areas that spread from urban to rural areas. Contagious is spread through the density of people. This is important in determining how the disease spread so you can predict how it will spread.

dispersion - the amount of spread of a phenomenon over an area

distance decay - decline of activity or function with increasing distance from its point of origin

Distance Decay - the effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction

Distribution - the frequency or occurrence of something

domino theory - a geopolitics theory made part of American containment (of the former Soviet Union) policy beginning in the 1950s. The theory maintained that if a single country fell under Soviet influence or control, its neighbors would likely follow, creating a ripple effect like a line of toppling dominos

domino theory - the idea that if a nation falls under communist control, nearby nations will also fall under communist control

Doubling Time - the time required for a population to double in size assuming constant rate

doubling time - time it takes for a population to double if the present growth rate remains constant

dowry death - in arranged marriages in india, bride is killed for failure of father to pay dowry

dowry death - in the context of arranged marriages in India, disputes over the price to be paid by the family of the bride to the father of the groom (the dowry) have, in some cases, lead to the death of the bride

During the first stage of the demographic transition, which two levels vary considerably but stay relatively high? - CBR and CDR.

economic base - the manufacturing and service activities performed by the basic sector of a city's labor force; functions of a city performed to satisfy demands external to the city itself and, in that performance, earning income to support the urban population

economic geography - the branch of systematic geography concerned with how people support themselves, with the spatial patterns of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, and with the areal variation of economic variation of economic activities over the surface of the earth

economies of scale - Factors that cause a producer's average cost per unit to fall as output rises.

Economy - System of production, consumption, and distribution.

ecosystem - a population of organisms existing together in a small, relatively homogeneous area (pond, forest, small island) together with the energy, air, water, soil, and chemicals upon which it depends

Ecotourism - Type of tourist attraction built around an environmentally friendly activity that aims to preserve the earth and its resources.

ecumene - permanently inhabited areas of the earth's surface

Ecumene - The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

edge city - distinct sizable nodal concentration of retail and office space of lower than central city densities and situated on the outer fringes of older metropolitan areas; usually localized by or near major highway intersections

electoral geography - the study of the geographical elements of the organization and results of elections

electoral regions - The different voting districts that make up local, state, and national regions.

elongated state - a state whose territory is long and narrow

elongated state - A state with a long, narrow shape. (Example. Chile)

Emigration - Leaving a population

enclave - a distinct region or community enclosed within a larger territory

enclave - a small bit of foreign territory lying within a state but not under its jurisdiction

enclave - a territory whose geographical boundaries lie entirely within the boundaries of another territory

enfranchisement - A statutory right or privilege granted to a person or group by a government (especially the rights of citizenship and the right to vote).

enfranchisement - to admit to citizenship; the rite of voting

environment - surroundings; the totality of things that in any way may affect an organism, including both physical and cultural conditions; a region characterized by a certain set of physical conditions

environmental determinism - the belief that the physical environment exclusively shapes humans, their actions, and their thoughts

Environmental determinism - the idea that human behavior is controlled by the physical environment

environmental pollution - the introduction into the biosphere of materials that because of their quantity, chemical nature, or temperature have a negative impact on the ecosystem or that cannot be readily disposed of by natural recycling processes

Epidemiological Transition Model - The theory that says that there is a distinct cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition model. It can help explain how a country's population changes so dramatically.

Epidemiology - Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people.

ethnic cleansing - Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region

ethnic cleansing - the systematic killing or extermination of an entire people or nation

ethnic conclave - a gathering of an ethnic group

ethnic conflict - a struggle that happened because of ethnicities interacting

ethnic conflict - different ethnic groups struggle to achieve certain political or economic goals at each other's expense

ethnic enclave - cluster of an ethnic population...