Notes April 8 - Mikel PDF

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Early agriculture, animal domestication, settled life: DOMESTICATION: 

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The adaption of an animal or plant through breeding in captivity to a life intimately associated with and advantageous to humans where humans benefit in parallel ways. First animal to be domesticated: DOGS – genetic soup

DOMESTICATION OF DOGGOS:    

Began as hunting partners May have occurred multiple times in history Earliest domestication event probably took place 18,000-32,000 years ago Dogs buried with humans as early as 14,000 years ago o Earliest evidence of love for an animal-pets

SHEEP AND GOATS: 

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Sheep o Came from wild mouflon o First meat animals to be domesticated o Domesticated independently multiple times in Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria o Earliest domestication event was likely 11,000 years ago Goats o Came from wild goats o Domesticated first in Zagros mountains  11,000-10,500 years ago o Like sheep, later introduced to other regions and continents

CATTLE:     

Came from wild species from the genus BOS Domesticated many times separately across Europe, Middle East, South Asia Earliest domestication in middle east – 10,500 years ago Used primarily as meat and draught animals initially (dairy came later) Not sure why the people wanted to domesticate animals with horns o Succeeded though obviously

PIGS:  

Came from wild boars Domesticated twice separately o Once in turkey and once in china

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Earliest domestication was 9000 years ago but domestic pigs continued to breed with wild ones.

HORSES:    

Came from wild horses Domesticated many times across Eurasian steppe Earliest evidence is 6000-5000 years ago o Kazakhstan Riding or drafting

LLAMAS AND ALPACAS:   

Llamas came from guanaco and alpacas from vicuna Domesticated by the Incas in the Andes Mountains around 6000-5000 years ago Llamas used more as beasts of burden and alpacas for their fine wool

COMMENSAL SPECIES: 

Species that have adapted to live among humans and benefit from sharing space with humans, but humans do not benefit from this adaptation o Mice, pigeons, roaches, cats

CONDITIONS FOR DOMESTICATION:      

Docile Not picky eaters Reach maturity quickly Willing to breed in captivity Don’t scare easily Conform to a social hierarchy

GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE CHANGES:     

Brain size reduction o 29% dogs, 14% horse, 29% turkey, 33.6% pigs Body size reduction o Dogs smaller than wolves Floppy ears Curly tails White coat patches

RUSSIAN FOX EXPERIMENT:  

Black fox pelts Wild

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If we domesticate them, we can breed them White coat patches By domesticating them, they were unable to be sold

Plant domestication: EARLIEST PLANT DOMESTICATION:     

Bottle Gourd Domesticated in Asia- land bridge 10,000 BCE Used as a container Unique in being domesticated only once

FOOD DOMESTICATION MIDDLE EAST:     

Pulses (peas, chickpeas) Wheat Barely Domesticated around 9000 BCE Spread through continental Europe by 5000 BCE

EAST ASIA:     

Rice Soy bean Peach Cannabis sativa 8500 BCE

CENTRAL AMERICA: 

Squash

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Maize

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Beans

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Avocado

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Tomato

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Chocolate

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Around 4750 BCE

SOUTH AMERICA: 

Potatoes

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Peanuts

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Chili peppers

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Lima beans

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Domesticated around 4750 BCE

AFRICA: 

Tubers (yams)

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Millet

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Sorghum

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Domesticated around 4000 BCE

CONSEQUENCES OF DOMESTICATION FOR PLANTS: 

New geographical ranges

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New ecological requirements

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Conversion to perennial to annual

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Loss of dispersal mechanisms and less efficient breeding systems

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Lessened defensive mechanisms (example thorns)

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Larger fruits or edible components

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More palatable (higher sugar, less toxic)...