Ob 4 - FDGRT PDF

Preview

Summary

FDGRT...

Description

11/1/2021

Perception, Attribution, and Learning (Chapter 4)

What is Perception? Perception • The process by which people select, organize, interpret, retrieve, and respond to information from the world around them.

1

11/1/2021

Stages of Perception Process Influence Factors Attention and Selection

Stages of Perception

Organization

Interpretation

Response (Feeling, thinking, acting) Retrieval

Schemas/Scripts

Selective screening

Attention and selection

• Lets in only a tiny portion all the information that is available Two types of selective screening • Controlled processing • Screening without perceiver’s conscious awareness

Schemas: Cognitive frameworks that represent organized knowledge about a given concept or stimulus developed through experience.

What is perception? Self schema: Contains information about a person’s own appearance, behavior, and personality.

Person schema: Refers to the way individuals sort others into categories in terms of similar perceived features.

2

11/1/2021

What is perception? Script schema • a knowledge framework that describes the appropriate sequence of events in a given situation. Person-in-situation schema • combines schemas built around persons and events. • Interpretation • Uncovering the reasons behind the ways stimuli are grouped.

Perceptual Errors • Fundamental attribution error — The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behaviour of others. • Self-serving bias — The tendency to attribute one’s own successes to internal factors and blame one’s own failures on external factors. For Example: if you pass your driving test on the first try, you might say that this was due to the fact you studied hard and you are a good driver. : If you fail the test, you might blame the examiner, the car, or the weather, rather than admitting that you did not demonstrate safe and effective driving skills.

3

11/1/2021

Perceptual Errors • Selective perception — The tendency to selectively interpret what is seen based on one’s interests, background, experience and attitudes. Example: We will also ‘become’ drunk when we drink what we believe is alcohol. • Projection — The tendency to attribute one’s own characteristics to other people.Example :if you have a strong dislike for someone, you might instead believe that he or she does not like you.

Perceptual Errors • Halo effect — The tendency to draw a general impression about an individual based on a single characteristic. When we consider a person good (or bad) in one category, we are likely to make a similar evaluation in other categories. Example : Just because I dress like a rock star, it does not mean I can sing, dance or play the guitar (come to think of it, the same is true of some real rock stars! • Stereotyping — The tendency to judge someone on the basis of the perception of a group to which that person belongs. Stereotype beliefs and perceived attributes about a target based on the target’s group. Examples :American university students: energetic and spontaneous and Russian university students: orderly and obedient.

4

11/1/2021

What are common perceptual errors?

What is the link between perception and attribution? • Attribution • Process of creating explanations for events. Can be classified as internal or external: • Internal factors – Personal characteristics that cause behavior (e.g., , lack of knowledge, ability, effort, motivation, attitude) • External factors – Environmental characteristics that cause behavior (e.g., task difficulty, good/bad luck, not enough training, situational factors like technical malfunctions, weather, health)

5

11/1/2021

What is the link between perception and attribution? Distinctiveness • Consistency of a person’s behavior across situations.

Consensus • Likelihood of others responding in a similar way.

Consistency • Whether an individual responds the same way across time.

What is the link between perception and attribution? • External Attribution • High consensus • High distinctiveness • Low consistency • • Internal Attribution • Low consensus • Low distinctiveness • High consistency

6

11/1/2021

What is the link between perception and attribution? Cultural differences in attributions : • Individualistic cultures - managers more likely to attribute employee poor performance to internal causes. • Negative attributes – blame team-mates for subordinates for performance problems. • Collectivist cultures – overemphasize self-serving bias; managers blame themselves for group’s failure.

• Social learning theory • Describes how learning occurs through interactions among people, behavior, and environment. • Self efficacy • The person’s belief that he or she can perform adequately in a situation (self-confidence, competence, ability). • Key factor in self-control.

7...