Operational Amplifier as an Integrator Circuit PDF

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Operational Amplifier as an Integrator Circuit with detailed PCB layouts and much more...

Description

A Practical activity Report submitted for Engineering Design Project-II (UTA-014) by Name of student Sameer Alam

Roll number 101903397

Submitted to

Dr. Jaswinder Kaur [email protected]

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE and ENGINEERING THAPAR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, (A DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY), PATIALA, PUNJAB

INDIA

Assignment 1 Objective: Design a schematic diagram and its PCB layout for operational amplifier as an integrator circuit using eagle software.

Software Used:

EAGLE (Easily Applicable Graphical Layout Editor)

Hardware Components Used: Sr. No 1. 2.

Name of Components

Value

Resistor Capacitor LM741D

3.

Specifications Carbon Resistor with 5% Tolerance Electrolytic Capacitor Operational Amplifier

Theory : 1. Resistor: One of the most elemental and routinely used of all the electronic components. In the electrical or electronic circuit the focal task of a resistor is to resist, regulate or set the flow of electrons (flowing of electrons gives rise to current) by using the kind of conductive material they are constituted of. Ohm is the unit which we use to measure the electrical resistance of a resistor. The practical interpretation of an Ohm can be thought as : If one ampere of current flows through the resistor across the terminals of a one-volt battery then the resistance of the resistor is said to be 1 Ω (Ohm)

Fig. 1.1 Various types of resistors

2. Capacitor: A passive electronic component which accumulates energy. In an electrical circuit it acts like a charge storing device. Electric charges are collected onto it’s plate by applying voltage across it and it gives up the stored energy to the circuit when required. Accumulation of charges in the plates is not instantaneous rather it is successively changing. The voltage across the plates of the capacitor or the capacitor itself rises exponentially until it becomes the same as the source voltage.

Fig 1.2 Various types of capacitors 3.LM741D: An LM741 operational amplifier is a high-gain electronic voltage amplifier that is DC-coupled. It just has one op-amp on board. This IC's primary role is to do mathematical operations in various circuits. Op-amps are utilised as voltage amplifiers because they have a high gain. The LM741 can be powered by a single or dual voltage supply. This integrator op amp circuit is built with the LM741 operational amplifier IC. It is an 8-pin op amp, which means it has eight pins with different functions.

Fig 1.3 Pinout Diagram of LM741

Introduction : The integrator is a circuit in which the output voltage waveform is the integral of the input voltage waveform. The integrator is made up of an op-amp integrating circuit that outputs a voltage proportional to the waveform's area (amplitude multiplied by time). Construction of the integrator circuit : Two passive components and one active component are required to build a simple integrator circuit utilising an op-amp. The resistor and capacitor are the two passive components. Across the active component OpAmp, the resistor and capacitor form a first-order low pass filter. Op-amp differentiator circuit is the polar opposite of integrator circuit. A simple Op-amp configuration consists of two resistors, which creates a feedback path. In the case of an Integrator amplifier, the feedback resistor is changed with a capacitor.

Fig 1.4 Integrator Circuit

Significance of the capacitor in the ideal operational amplifier integrator circuit: A capacitor is connected between the output and the op-amp inverting input terminal in an ideal op-amp integrator. Input Scope:

Fig 1.5 Sinusoidal Input Wave Output Scope:

Fig 1.6 Cosine Output Wave

The input sinusoidal voltage is applied across the Integrator circuit, By integrating the sinusoidal voltage the cosine waveform is obtained on the output end. Because the input is applied to the inverting input terminal of the op-amp, the output of an integrator is 180 degrees out of phase with the input. To generate a ramp wave from a square wave input, integrating circuits are commonly employed. When working with sine wave signals, integrating amplifiers have frequency restrictions. Working: During the time under consideration, a current is passed through the circuit, charging or discharging the capacitor CF, which attempts to maintain the virtual ground condition at the input by off-setting the effect of the input current. To preserve virtual ground, the input voltage transmits a current Vin/R1 through the resistor, causing a compensating current to flow through the series capacitor. Over time, the capacitor gets charged or discharged. The input current does not fluctuate with capacitor charge since the resistor and capacitor are coupled to a virtual ground, resulting in linear output integration. Because of the Miller effect, the circuit's input impedance is nearly zero. As a result, all stray capacitances (such as cable capacitance, amplifier input capacitance, and so on) are effectively grounded and have no effect on the output signal.

Fig 1.7 Working of Integrator Circuit

Schematic Diagram:

Fig 1.8 Schematic of the circuit

PCB Layout :

Fig 1.9 PCB layout of the circuit

Applications : ● Analog computers, analog-to-digital converters, and wave-shaping circuits all use the integrator circuit. Charge amplifiers are a frequent wave-shaping application, and they are often built using an operational amplifier, though they can also use high gain discrete transistor topologies. ● The "totalizer," a system that keeps track of how much fluid (gas, liquid, or steam) has passed by a sensor in a particular time, is another example of an op-amp integrator's potential application. An op-amp integrator is used in conjunction with an integrated signal that depicts water flow to create a signal that tracks the total amount of water that has passed through the sensor.

● The op-amp integrator might very well transform waves via mathematical integration, such as square to triangle, triangle to sine, or sine to cosine.

● An integrator is also used by many sensors to reproduce usable results.

● Operational integrating amplifiers are also utilised in analogue computers to execute calculus calculations. References : ● https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/opamp/opamp_6.html ● https://www.circuitstoday.com/integrator-circuit-using-opamp ● https://www.electronics-notes.com/ ● https://components101.com/ics/lm741-op-amp-ic ● http://eagle.autodesk.com/eagle/libraries

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