Organelle Review Sheet PDF

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Organelle Review Sheet ...

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PlasmaMembrane–(cellmembrane)formsabarrierbetweenthecellandit’senvironment;itisalayered membranethatcontrolsthemovementofmoleculesintoandoutoftheanimalcellandgivessupport.Located ontheinsideofthecellwallinplants.Itissemipermeable(onlycertainthingsareletinandoutofthecell).  MembraneProteins–aproteinmoleculethatisattachedorassociatedwiththemembraneofacelloran organelle.Therearetwotypes:integralmembraneproteins(can’tlivewithout)embeddedpermanentlyintoa membrane;peripheralmembraneproteins–aproteinmoleculethatistemporarilyattachedorassociatedwith themembraneofacellororganelle.  Cytoskeleton–ismadeofmicrotubulesthatbendandmakeuptheframeworkofthecell.Locatedin cytoplasm.Functions:helpsmaintainthecell’sshape,helpsmaterialmovearoundthecell,helpswithcell division.  Microtubules–fibersthatmakeupthecytoskeleton.Theyarehollowcylindersmadeofproteincalled tubulinthathelpacellkeepitsshape.  Microfilaments–workwithactinandmyosinthathelpcellstomove.  IntermediateFilaments–holdorganellesinplaceandgivecellitsstrength.Itismadeofkeratin,the samematerialthatmakeshairandfingernails.   Cytoplasm–makesupabout2/3ofthecell’sweight.Functions:suspendorganelles,pushagainsttheplasma membranetokeepcell’sshape,provideasiteforbiochemicalreactionstotakeplace.  Nucleus–thelargestmembraneboundorganellefoundinmosteukaryoticcellsthatcontainsmostofcell’s geneticinfo.Itcontainschromosomes–alongcoiledstructuremadeofgenes,whicharemadeofDNA;It regulatesgeneexpression–processwhereinfoinageneisdecodedtoproduceaproteinmoleculeorRNA molecule.Alsocontainschromatin–samematerialasachromosomebutnotcoiledbetweencelldivision.  NuclearEnvelope–alayermembranewhoseoutsidecontainsribosomesandattachestotheendoplasmic reticulum.Itcontainstinyporescallednuclearpores–whichcontrolmaterialsinandoutofthenucleus.Italso containsthenucleolus–andorganellewhichhelpsassembleribosomes.  Ribosomes–(looklikedots)madeinthenucleusanddonotcontainamembrane.Theyareexportedtothe cytoplasmandtheycontainrRnawhichhelpstoassembleproteinsfromaminoacidsandtakesplaceinthe cytoplasm.Cellsthatmustmakelargeamountsofproteinscontainribosomes.  FreeRibosomes–suspendedinthecytoplasm  BoundRibosomes–attachedtotheendoplasmicreticulum  Riboenzymes–asubunitthatmakesuptheribosomeanditisatypeofenzymemadeofRNAthat helpscatalyzereactionssuchastranslation–processwhereaminoacidsareassembledintoproteins.  Mitochondria–(singularmitochondrion)thepowerhouseofthecell.Whereenergyismadeinthecellthrough aprocesscalledcellularrespiration–convertschemicalenergyinfoodtoenergymoleculescalledATPthat yourbodycanuse.TheyhavetheirownDNAandcanproduceasexuallyontheirown.Believedthey descendedfromprokaryotes. 

ATP–(adenosinetriphosphate)cellsenergysourcemostlymadeinthemitochondriabutsomeismade inthecytosol.  OuterLayer–oneofthetwophospholipidbilayersthatseparatesitinthecytosol.  InnerLayer–containscristae–foldthatincreasesitssurfaceareasoitcanproducemoreATP.  Matrix–fluidfilledinsidewheremostATPismade.  EndosymbioticTheory–thebeliefthatmitochondriawereformerlysmallprokaryotesthatbegan livingwithinlargercells.  EndoplasmicReticulum–anetworkofphospholipidmembranesthatformhollowtubes,flattenedsacsand flattenedsheets(cisternae).Theytransportmoleculesaroundthecelllikeahighwayandtheysynthesis:help makelipidsandassembleproteins(roughERthatcontainribosomes)  SmoothER–lacksattachedribosomesandconnecttotheRER.Ithelpssynthesizelipids,calciumiron storageanddrugdetox.  RoughER–ribosomeslinetheoutersurfaceandmakeproteinsthataretransportedoutthrough transportvesiclesmadeintheGolgiApparatus.   GolgiApparatus–madeof58cisternae(flattenedsacs)thatmodify,sorts,andpackagesdifferentsubstances. ItworkswiththeERbyactingasareceivingandshippingdockforproteins.Itpackagesandreleasesvesicles thattransportmaterialsthroughoutthecellandtotheplasmamembrane.  Vesiclessmallcircularcontainerwithatleastonelipidbilayer,thathelpstotransportmaterialstothe plasmamembraneandthroughoutthecell.MostaremadeintheGolgiApparatusorER.  TransportVesicle–movemoleculesthroughoutthecell.   Lysosome–formedbytheGolgiApparatus,itisasaccontainingpowerfuldigestiveenzymes thatDONOTUSEoxygenlikeperoxisomes.Theyarecontainedinthesactokeeptheenzymes safelyawayfromtherestofthecell.Theybreakdownharmfulcellproducts,wastematerials andcellulardebrisandpushthemoutofthecell.Theydigestinvadingorganisms(bacteria)and breakdownacellthatisreadytodie.(autolysis–selfdestruct).  Peroxisome–vesiclethatcontainsenzymesandusesoxygentobreakdowntoxiccell substances.Theyselfreplicatebygrowinglargerandsplitting(fission).Theyarecommonin liverandkidneysasitdetoxeshydrogenperoxideintowater.  Vacuoles–sacsthatarefoundinavarietyofcellsandhavecertainjobs.(storefood,water,wasteinanimal cells).TheCentralVacuoleinplantsstoreswater.Itislargerthanvesicles.  Centrioles–rodlikestrucuturesmadeof9groupsof3shortmicrotubules.Twoperpendicularcentriolesmake upacentrosome.Theyareimportantincelldivisionastheyformthemioticspindlesthathelporganizethe chromosomes.  Photosynthesis–theconversionoflightenergytochemicalenergyofsugarmoleculesbytakingincarbon dioxideandreleasingoxygen.

 CellWall–therigidoutsideofaplantcellmadeofcellulose(anindigestiblecarbohydrate),proteinandother polysaccharides.Itprotectsandprovidesskeletalsupportandhelpskeeptheplantuprightagainstgravityand bursting.  Plasmodesmata–areporesinthecellwallthatletwaterandnutrientsenterandexitandallow communicationwithneighboringcells.  CentralVacuole–takesupmorethanathirdofthecell’svolumeItstorespigments  Tonoplast–membranethatsurroundsthecentralvacuole  Sap–iscontainedintheCentralVacuoleanddiffersfromcytosol,contains:water,enzymes,ions,salts  Plastids–organellesthatcontaintheirownDNA.Stroma–fluidinside,whichhasDNA,andribosomesand stacksofthylakoids.  Thylakoids–aflatteneddisksuborganellewherephotosynthesistakesplaceonitsmembrane.  Grana(um)–stacksofthylakoids   Chloroplasts–anorganelleofphotosynthesis  Chromoplasts–makeandstorepigment  Leukoplasts–locatedintherootsanddonotcontainpigment.Theystoreormakeorganicmolecules.  Biofilmindividualcellsthatworktogetherforthebettermentofallbutcanstillsurviveintheirown(bacteria)  ColonialOrganisms–canexistapartbutarebettertogether.  ColonialTheory–theorythatthistypeofsymbiosisledtomulticellularorganismswhoseindividualcells cannotexistontheirown.  ...